WESTWARD EXPANSION VISUAL VOCABULARY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SS.912.A.2.7 Review the Native American experience. SS.912.A.3.1 Analyze the economic challenges to American farmers and farmers' responses to these challenges in the mid to late 1800s.

Who Shaped the American West? Pioneers

Who Shaped the American West? Gold Diggers

Who Shaped the American West? Chinese Railroad Workers

Who Shaped the American West? African American Cowboys

Who Shaped the American West? Immigrant Lumberjacks

Who Shaped the American West? Mexican-American Cowboys

Who Shaped the American West? Civil War Veteran Buffalo Hunters

Who Shaped the American West? Native Americans

Who Shaped the American West? Mail Order

Who Shaped the American West? President Abraham Lincoln

Westward Expansion A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad It lasted from 1850- 1890.

Manifest Destiny Belief held in the 1800's that Americans had the right and the duty to spread across the continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Use the link below to learn more about Manifest Destiny https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLmUhT9QOlE

Boomtowns Settlements that sprang up or grew rapidly as the result of some economic or political development. Virginia City, Montana 1880 Mining Towns: sprang up because of the discovery of gold or silver Cow Towns: Places where cattle were sold and the cowboys paid Use the link below to learn about Cattle Drive Trails: http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/amer_hist_present/resources/htmls/animations/ah19_anim_cattldrive.html Dodge City, Kansas

Land Grant Giving a company or individual land to use for a certain use.

Exodusters The name given to thousands of African Americans, from the southern states along the Mississippi River, who migrated to Kansas.

Transcontinental Railroad A train route across the United States. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah. Use the link below to learn about the Transcontinental Railroad and the people who helped to build it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4YgEMykqAQ

Open Range Open Range System A vast area of grassland owned by the government where ranchers could graze their herds for free. Open Range System Branding cattle so they could be identified and allowing them to roam freely.

Range Wars Ranchers fought over water rights or grazing rights to unfenced/unowned land, it could pit competing farmers or ranchers against each other Barbed Wire Cheap and inexpensive way to mark land and keep cattle enclosed.

Reservation An area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Assimilation The process of adjusting or changing to fit the culture of a group or nation.

Populism a belief in the power of regular people, and in their right to have control over their government

Reservation Reservation System An area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Reservation System Native Americans were encouraged to live on the reservations, and the U.S. promised to provide food, goods and money and to protect them from attack by other tribes and white settlers

Homestead Act of 1862 Opened up settlement in the western United States, allowing any American, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land Use the link below to learn about the Homestead Act of 1862: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pieH G0Zaz3Y

Sand Creek Massacre 1864 U.S. Army's killing of about 130 Cheyenne elderly, women and children at the Sand Creek Reservation in Colorado Territory. I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces ... With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from sucking infants up to warriors ... By whom were they mutilated? By the United States troops ... — John S. Smith, Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith, 1865 Use the link below to learn about the causes and effects of the Sand Creek Massacre: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wf7GFZcO-Y8

The Grange Movement Granger Laws The Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, was founded in 1867 to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the United States Granger Laws A series of laws was enacted in the Granger states, establishing public regulation of railroad rates and operating practices. Use the link below to learn more about the Grange Movement: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gf7NkDFoqVA

Little Bighorn 1876 Battle during which the Sioux Tribe defeated the U.S. Army forces led by Colonel George A. Custer.

Farmers’ Alliances Political action groups that sprang up among Middle Westerners and Southerners, who were unhappy because of crop failures, falling prices, and poor marketing and credit facilities.

Assimilation Dawes Act The process of adjusting or changing to fit the culture of a group or nation. Dawes Act Designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American society by setting up schools and giving adult males 160 acres to farm.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Passed by Congress to address the cost of freight-shipping on the railroads. The Interstate Commerce Act created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. Railroads were the first industry to be regulated by congress.

Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. troops went into the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation camp to disarm the Lakota. A tribesman was reluctant to give up his rifle. A scuffle over the rifle escalated and a shot was fired which resulted in the 7th Cavalry's opening fire from all sides, killing men, women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow soldiers.

The People’s Party An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892–96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics.