2.1 The Ottoman Empire

Ottomans take control Turks saw themselves as ghazis – warriors for Islam Osman = most successful ghazi – followers called Ottomans Ottoman army uses guns & cannons to replace archers – very effective

Ottomans take control Orkhan I (son of Osman) declares himself sultan Sultan means “overlord” Ottomans wise rulers Local officials ruled lands Non-muslims not required to serve in army – must pay tax to be excused

Timur the Lame Timur the Lame fights the Ottomans and burns Baghdad to the ground Briefly halts the expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed II Mehmed II wins Constantinople Constantinople controls access between Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea Mehmed II moves ships over dry land to attack Constantinople Opens city to Jews, Christians & Muslims Changes city name to Istanbul

Selim the Grim Mehmed’s grandson defeats Safavids Expands empire through Egypt and northern Africa Expands empire along Red Sea

Suleyman the Lawgiver Selim’s son Expands Ottoman Empire to greatest heights Lybia Hungary Austria Controls trade route to Africa Only Charles V rivals him in power

Suleyman the Lawgiver Enacts structured laws for both criminal and civil cases Limits taxes Devshirme system Boys of conquered lands required to serve in army Janissaries = soldiers loyal to sultan only Ottoman army well trained & educated

Suleyman the Lawgiver Allows freedom of religion in empire called millets Millets allowed to follow own religious laws and practices Representative of Millet reports to sultan Keeps conflict between religions to a minimum

Suleyman the Lawgiver Kills his son that is best suited to rule Doesn’t want son to kill him and take over Second son goes into exile Weak son takes over Sets precident for future sultans Kill your rivals, even if they are family Brings down empire