Bio-Based Fuel Research Waste to Resource Steve Safferman Dana M Kirk Wei Liao Susie Liu

WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Direct Combustion Thermal Conversion Biochemical Pyrolysis Liquefaction Gasification Anaerobic Digestion Thermochemical Deploymerization Ethanol Synthesis Algae

Anaerobic Digestion Andrew Wedel, McLanahan Corp.

East Germany (Swine and Potatoes)

Scenic View Dairy

Minute Maid

Anaerobic Digestion What does carbon look like in complex waste? CaHbOc?d?e?f?g?h What does carbon look like in energy? CH4 H H C H H

Anaerobic Digestion Microbiology Biogas Energy Systems A Great Lakes Casebook, Great Lakes Regional Energy Program. Cliburn & Associates, 1994 Rozdilsky, J. 1997. Farm Based Anaerobic Digestion in Michigan: History, Current Status, and Future Outlook, 1997.

Anaerobic Digestion Microbiology Heat Electricity Natural Gas CH4 (50 – 60%) CO2 (40 – 50%) Other? (Trace) Biogas Fiber Water Nutrients Digestate Scenic View Dairy, MI

Digestate \ Solid liquid separation Manure composite boards Manure solids as bedding Compost

Anaerobic Digestion Benefits Revenue Sources Energy Offset and/or Energy Sales Carbon Credit Tipping Fees New Industries All of the Above Odor Control (Nuisance Avoidance) Water Treatment/Stabilization Emission Control Greenhouse Gas Public Perception Liquid/Solid Separation Nutrient Availability Pathogen Reduction

“Back of the Envelop” Energy Prediction In MI, Avg. Person Requires 313 MBTU/year1 People in MI: 10,100,0001 0.012 MBTU/kg VS Added to Digester2,3 7,100,000 tons of Dry Biosolids Produced each Year4 Biosolids in Country Supports 183,000 People in MI (2%)2,3 Cows in MI: 325,0006 Cows manure in MI Supports 10,400 people (0.1%)2,3,6 1MI Depart. of Economic Development and Labor and Economic Growth, Energy Overview 2Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering 3Peavy et al. Environmental Engineering 4WEF, Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids 5USDA National Statistics Service 6Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste: Factors to Consider, Balsam, ATTRA Pub. IP219

Anaerobic Digestion Costs Capital Cost Daily Operation and Maintenance Training Safety Sensitivity Disposal ----- ______ in _____Out -----

Anaerobic Digestion Benefits Revenue Sources Energy Offset and/or Energy Sales Carbon Credit Tipping Fees New Industries All of the Above Odor Control (Nuisance Avoidance) Water Treatment/Stabilization Emission Control Greenhouse Gas Public Perception Liquid/Solid Separation Nutrient Availability Pathogen Reduction

Anaerobic Digestion System Research Natural Gas Combined Heat & Power System Methane Biogas Anaerobic Digester Liquid/Fiber Separator Fiber Production Liquid Stream Organic Residues CO 2 Heat Green House Vegetable Algal Culture Crop Biodiesel Animal Feed Fish Meal Aquaculture & Hoop Agriculture

H2 & CH4 Production – Psychrotrophic Microbial Consortia Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms Methane Producing Animal Manure Hydrogen Methane Nutrients (C, N, P etc.) Enhanced Enzyme Production Organic Acids Lignocellulose 5 liter bench reactors for AD research 16s rRNA gene technologies for analysis of microbial consortia

Algal production using AD effluent Combustion of AD Biogas AD Liquid Effluent CO2 Advanced Pond System Algal Culture System Algal Turf Scrubber System Wastewater with less N, P Algal Biomass Fertilizers Fish Meal Ethanol Value-Added Products

Integrated Small-Scale Animal Manure Management System to Improve Energy Efficiency and Produce High-Value Co-Products

Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility Is anaerobic digestion worth further exploration? Determine Objectives Profile Facility/Facilities Screen Wastewater Predict Best Theoretical Potential Conduct Laboratory Experimentation Interpret Results Make Recommendations Professional Design

2. Profile Facility/Facilities

3. Screen Waste COD (soluble) Volatile Solids pH Alkalinity C/N/P Toxicity Diazinon Permethrin Carbofuran Lindane

Theoretical Potential Predict Best Theoretical Potential Liu, Yan, Miller, S. A., Safferman, S. I. (2008). “Alternative Treatments of Food and Manure for Biogas Production.” Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, In Press (manuscript BIOFPR-08-0017.R1).

Anaerobic Respirometry 5. Conduct Laboratory Experimentation Anaerobic Respirometry Real Time, Continuous Gas Measurement Total volume Rate (ml/hr)

6. Interpret Results

Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility Is anaerobic digestion worth further exploration? Determine Objectives Profile Facility/Facilities Screen Wastewater Predict Best Theoretical Potential Conduct Laboratory Experimentation Interpret Results Make Recommendations Professional Design

MSU Anaerobic Digestion Research and Training Center Comprehensively research, develop, evaluate, and educate on integrated anaerobic digestion systems, with an emphasis on cost effective and efficient technologies for small and medium sized dairy farms. Theoretical modeling Bioassay evaluation and Lab and Bench scale research Anaerobic digester and algae facility at the MSU Dairy Farm Pilot and commercial scale research at Green Meadow Farms and Scenic View Dairy.

Anaerobic Digestion Research East Bay, Expansion Potential High Bay Research Bay, Typ. 14 ft 15 ft 10 ft 18 ft Wet Laboratory Instrument Men’s Locker Room Women’s Conference Stud. Work Manager’s Office Entry 4 ft 40 ft 82 ft

Questions Dana M Kirk Steven Safferman kirkdana@msu.edu P: 517.432.6530 C: 517.282.6937 Steven Safferman safferma@msu.edu 517-432-0812 www.egr.msu.edu/~safferma/