Chapter 17 The Ancient World Paleolithic Period-old stone age (2 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.E.) High degree of naturalism Wall painting with three horses facing one another, Chauvet Cave. c. 30,000 BCE.

PALEOLITHIC CAVE ART Source/Museum: Ardèche Gorge, France. Sygma. Jean Clottes/Miniterie de la Culture. Medium: n/a Size: n/a Title: Horses Artist: n/a Date: c. 30,000 BCE

The making of sculptural objects developed out of the making of tools Paleolithic Sculpture (small votive fertility figure) Title: Venus of Willendorf Artist: n/a Date: c. 25,000-20,000 BCE Source/Museum: Lower Austria. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Medium: Limestone Size: Height 4 ½ in.

Transition to Agrarian Society 40,000 to 8,000 B.C. Paleolithic era (old stone age) Man is nomadic 8,000 B.C. Ice Age draws to a close 8,000 to 3,000 B.C. Neolithic era (new stone age) Man domesticates animals and cultivate food grains Man abandons temporary shelters for more permanent ones

Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds. c. 5000–4000 BCE. Objects become more decoative & stylized Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds. c. 5000–4000 BCE.

NEOLITHIC STRUCTURE: megaliths-monumental stone architecture Example of post and lintel construction Source/Museum: Salisbury Plain (Wiltshire), England. Spencer Grant/Photo Edit. Medium: n/a Size: n/a Title: Stonehenge Artist: n/a Date: c. 2000 BCE

Mesopotamian Cultures-earliest civilizations: Sumerians Populated area around Tigris and Euphrates River (present day Middle East) First to establish writing, invented the wheel, schools, libraries and written laws Consisted of a dozen cities, each with a population between 10 and 50,000 Each city had its own deity (god/figure of authority and power)

SUMERIAN SCULPTURE Source/Museum: Tell Asmar, Iraq. Excavated by the Iraq Expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, February 13, 1934. Courtesy Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Medium: Limestone, alabaster, and gypsum Size: Height of the tallest figure 30 in. Title: Worshippers and deities from Abu Temple Artist: n/a Date: c. 2900-2600 BCE

Egyptian Civilization Developed during same period as Mesopotamia cultures, but along Nile River Not as vulnerable to attack as Mesopotamia; protected on all sides by sea and desert Culture characterized by order, stability and endurance First to reflect belief in everlasting life- ka

Title: King Khafre Artist: n/a Date: c. 2530 BCE Source/Museum: Giza, Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Hirmer Fotoarchiv. Medium: Diorite Size: Height 66 1/8 in.

Shoulders on 19th line of grid Bottom of grid Figures were depicted according to an ideal and mathematical set of proportions; the figure fits into a grid and the lower body is always frontal while the the head is seen in profile Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Hirmer Fotoarchiv. Medium: Slate Size: Height 25 in. Title: Palette of King Narmer (front and back) Artist: n/a Date: c. 3000 BCE

Pyramids of Menkaure (c. 2470 BCE), Khafre (c. 2500 BCE), and Khufu (c Pyramids of Menkaure (c. 2470 BCE), Khafre (c. 2500 BCE), and Khufu (c. 2530 BCE). Original height of Pyramid of Khufu 480 ft., length of each side at base 755 ft.

View of the Pyramids of Egypt and the Sphinx

Aerial view from back, facing city of Cairo, 2008

Pyramids of Egypt contain burial chambers for King and Queen

Greek Civilization Provided the basis for Western Civilization Rise in democracy, philosophy, theatre and poetry Generally divided into three periods: Archaic period (750-480 B.C.) Classical period (510-323 B.C.-death of Alexander the Great) Hellenistic period (323 B.C. to 146 B.C.-most of Greece annexed by Rome)

The City-States of Ancient Greece.

The Greek orders, from James Stuart, The Antiquities of Athens. 1794. A major contribution to architecture by ancient Greece is the development of three architectural orders, seen below. The Greek orders, from James Stuart, The Antiquities of Athens. 1794. Chapter 15 page 353, fig. 460

The Acropolis today, viewed from the southwest, Athens, Greece. Greek Classical Architecture located on the Acropolis (elevated hilltop, overlooking Mediterranean) Parthenon, below Designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and dedicated to the goddess Athena The Acropolis today, viewed from the southwest, Athens, Greece.

Aerial view of Acropolis in Athens, Greece

Parthenon, 442-427 B.C. Designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and dedicated to the goddess Athena

Post-and-lintel construction is fundatmental to all Greek architecture Parthenon, 442-427 B.C. Designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and dedicated to the goddess Athena

Rendering of large scale sculpture of Athena by Phidias, originally located within the interior of the Parthenon

Phidian style- marked by naturalism of drapery and figures Lo Relief Greek Sculpture Source/Museum: Fragment of the Panathenaic Procession from the east frieze of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Marburg/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Marble Size: Height approx. 43 in. Title: Maidens and Stewards Artist: n/a Date: 447 – 438 BCE

Classical Period Source/Museum: From the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike. Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece/Spiros Tselentis/Super Stock. Medium: Marble Size: Height 42 in. Title: Nike Artist: n/a Date: c. 410-407 BCE

Contrapposto pose gave figures a greater degree of naturalism and realism Classical Period also characterized by idealization of the figure and restrained emotion Source/Museum: Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippos. Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali Photobank, Milan/SuperStock. Medium: Marble Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in. Title: Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) Artist: n/a Date: c. 350-325 BCE

Hellenistic Period Source/Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris. Hirmer Fotoarchiv. Giraudon/Art Resource. Medium: Marble Size: Height approx. 8 ft. Title: Nike of Samothrace Artist: n/a Date: c. 190 BCE

Source/Museum: Roman copy, perhaps after Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes. The Vatican Musuem, Rome. Medium: Marble Size: Height 7 ft. Title: The Laocoön Group Artist: n/a Date: 1st century CE

Roman Art Conquered Greece in 146 B.C. Conquered Etruscans and rebuilt their cities during 2nd and 3rd century B.C. Roman Art influenced by both civilizations Their art reflects their imperialistic politics Between 5th and 2nd century B.C., Romans conquered nearly all of Mediterranean to create the Roman Empire

Roman Sculpture Source/Museum: Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali Photobank, Milan/SuperStock. Medium: Marble Size: Height 6 ft. 8 in. Title: Augustus of Primaporta Artist: n/a Date: c. 20 BCE

Compare and contrast Roman style for sculpting human figure to Greek Classical style for sculpting figure Source/Museum: Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippos. Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali Photobank, Milan/SuperStock. Medium: Marble Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in. Title: Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) Artist: n/a Date: c. 350-325 BCE

Roman Relief Sculpture Title: Marcus Agrippa with imperial family (south frieze), detail of the Ara Pacis Artist: n/a Date: 13-9 CE Source/Museum: Museum of the Ara Pacis, Rome. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Marble Size: Height 5 ft. 3 in.

The major Roman contribution is the development of the arch and the use of concrete Chapter 15 page 354 and 355

Barrel vault (top) and groined vault (bottom) construction. Chapter 15 page 354 and 355

The Colosseum (aerial view). 72–80 CE.

Barrel-vaulted gallery, ground floor of the Colosseum.

Exterior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE. Chapter 15, page 356

Interior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE. Chapter 15, page 356 Continuous arch rotated 360 degrees Built as a temple to the gods 142’ high dome set on cylindrical Wall 140’ in diameter Interior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE. Chapter 15, page 356

Constructed as a memorial to the Emperor Titus after his death Triumphal Arch- composed of a barrel vault enclosed within a rectangle; decorated with columns and sculpture The Arch of Titus. c. 81 CE. height 50 ft., width 44 ft. 4 in.