Human Pop. Review

11. Which of the following statements regarding developed countries and developing countries is true? Developed countries are home to twice as many people as developing countries. Developed countries are home to four times as many people as developing countries. Developed countries have more rapid population growth rates than developing countries. Developed countries have lower per capita GNPs than developing countries. Developed countries generally have safer water supplies.

14. Human population growth over the last 4,000 years can best be described as linear negative oscillating inverted exponential

16. If a nation has a growth rate 3 16. If a nation has a growth rate 3.5 %, how many years will it take for the population to double in size? 2 years 10 years 20 years 35 years 350 years

21. In the equation, I = P A T, I represents: resource technology inertia of a population introduced species environmental impact of a population infant mortality

145. An r-selected species generally: has a low biotic potential is small and short lived gives much parental care to its offspring survives to reproduce lives in a stable environment

216. A country currently has a population of 200 million and an annual growth rate of 3.0%. If the growth rate remains constant, after 70 years, the population will be approximately: 260 million 500 million 600 million 800 million 1600 million

217. In 1999, Australia had a crude birth rate of 14 and a crude death rate of 7. Based on these figures, the annual rate of increase or decrease, expressed as a percent, equals: 0.007% 0.07% 0.7% 7.0% 70.0%

218. Determine the growth rate for a population of 100,000 people when there were 450 births, 80 deaths, 70 immigrants, and 40 emigrants in a given year: 0.04% 0.4% 4.0% 40.0% 400.0%

219. Which of the following are considered the two most useful indicators of overall health in a country or region? birth rate and death rate replacement-level fertility and total fertility rate life expectancy and death rate life expectancy and infant mortality rate birth rate and infant mortality rate

222. Demographic Transition refers to: a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable The slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity. The changes in the growth, birth rate, and death rate which a nation experiences as it goes through industrialization. The decline in death rates that occurred when the germ theory of disease was discovered. Migration from overpopulated nation’s different countries, mainly MDC’s.

226. In 1999, Denmark had a crude birth rate of 13 and a death rate of 11. Based on these figures, the annual rate of increase or decrease, expressed as a percent, would equal: 20.0% 2.0% 0.2% 0.02% 0.002%

229. Which of the following statements is false? Replacements-level fertility is higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Under ideal conditions where all children survive to reproductive age, replacement-level fertility will equal two. Replacement-level fertility is generally higher than two because some children die before they reach reproductive age. Higher infant mortality rates are responsible for lower values of replacement-level fertility in developed countries. Higher infant mortality rates are responsible for higher values of replacement-level fertility in developing countries.

283. What are the environmental disadvantages of urbanization? Lack of trees and food production Cities have better water Citizens in cities tend to have more health problems I only II only III only I and III only I, II, and III

289. To support the growing human population, we have greatly modified earth’s natural systems. All of the following are ways that humans have had a negative affect on earth EXCEPT: fragmenting and degrading species habitat recycling resources overharvesting renewable resources altering chemical cycling and energy flows in ecosystems eliminating some predator species

415. Which of the following is not an advantage of an industrial society? Lower infant mortality Higher standard of living Lower population growth Groundwater depletion Mass production of useful and affordable prices.

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH: A BRIEF HISTORY The human population has grown rapidly because of the expansion of agriculture and industrial production and lower death rates from improvements in hygiene and medicine. In 2006, the population of developed countries grew exponentially at 0.1% per year. Developing countries grew (15 times faster at 1.5% per year.

FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN POPULATION SIZE Population increases because of births and immigration and decreases through deaths and emigration. Instead of using raw numbers, crude birth rates and crude death rates are used (based on total number of births or deaths per 1,000 people in a population).

Age Structure: Young Populations Can Grow Fast How fast a population grows or declines depends on its age structure. Prereproductive age: not mature enough to reproduce. Reproductive age: those capable of reproduction. Postreproductive age: those too old to reproduce.

Exponential and Logistic Population Growth: J-Curves and S-Curves Populations grow rapidly with ample resources, but as resources become limited, its growth rate slows and levels off. Figure 8-4

Population Density and Population Change: Effects of Crowding Population density: the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area or volume. A population’s density can affect how rapidly it can grow or decline. e.g. biotic factors like disease Some population control factors are not affected by population density. e.g. abiotic factors like weather

Declining Fertility Rates: Fewer Babies per Women The average number of children that a woman bears has dropped sharply. This decline is not low enough to stabilize the world’s population in the near future. Replacement-level fertility: the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of children a woman has during her reproductive years.

Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility Rates The number of children women have is affected by: The cost of raising and educating them. Availability of pensions. Urbanization. Education and employment opportunities. Infant deaths. Marriage age. Availability of contraception and abortion.

Factors Affecting Death Rates Death rates have declined because of: Increased food supplies, better nutrition. Advances in medicine. Improved sanitation and personal hygiene. Safer water supplies. U.S. infant mortality is higher than it could be (ranked 46th world-wide) due to: Inadequate pre- and post-natal care for poor. Drug addiction. High teenage birth rate.

Expanding Rapidly Expanding Slowly Stable Declining Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Expanding Rapidly Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Expanding Slowly United States Australia Canada Stable Spain Portugal Greece Declining Germany Bulgaria Italy Figure 9.9 Generalized population age structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative population growth rates (a declining population). Populations with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive ages of 1–14 (at left) have a large potential for rapid population growth. QUESTION: Which of these diagrams best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau) Prereproductive ages 0–14 Reproductive ages 15–44 Postreproductive ages 45–85+ Fig. 9-9, p. 179

Zero Population Growth- When the number of births, equals the number of deaths. No growth in the population. Total Fertility Rate- an estimate of the average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years.

Replacement-level fertility- the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. It is slightly higher than two children per couple. (2.2 in developed countries and as high as 2.5 in some developing countries) It is greater in countries w/ high infant mortality rates than in countries w/ low infant mortality rates

Growth rate (Birth rate-death rate) + (immigration – emigration) / 1000 If a population of 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants and 30 emigrants in a year, what is the net annual percentage growth rate?

Rule of 70’s 70/ growth rate = doubling time (daily) 72/ growth rate = doubling time (years) If a population of a country grows at a rate of 5% a year, the number of years required for the pop to double is what?

China’s Family Planning Program Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per women. China has moved 300 million people out of poverty. Problems: Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance. Average population age is increasing. Not enough resource to support population.

Birth rate and death rate Relative population size Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transitional Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial High Birth rate Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,00 per year) Relative population size Death rate Figure 9.14 Generalized model of the demographic transition. There is uncertainty over whether this model will apply to some of today’s developing countries. QUESTION: At what stage is the country where you live? Total population Low Low Increasing Very high Decreasing Low Zero Negative Growth rate over time Fig. 9-14, p. 183

Environmental Impact Equation (Paul Ehrlich Formula) Population X affluence X technology = Environmental impact

Reasons for World Hunger Issues Unequal distribution of available food Loss of arable land Increasing population growth rate Increasing poverty in developing countries

Reasons the human population has been so dramatic in the last century The Industrial Revolution Modern Medicine

Strategies for ensuring adequate nutrition for a growing population: Increase the number of new food crops from a diversity of plant species Distribute food more equitably Increase land are that is dedicated to grain production rather than meat production Assist developing countries in efficient crop irrigation systems.

SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE Family planning has been a major factor in reducing the number of births and abortions throughout most of the world. Women tend to have fewer children if they are: Educated. Hold a paying job outside the home. Do not have their human right suppressed.

SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE The best way to slow population growth is a combination of: Investing in family planning. Reducing poverty. Elevating the status of women.

Factors that affect birth & fertility rates Educational & employment opportunities Infant mortality rate Average age at marriage Availability of reliable birth control Importance of kids in labor force Urbanization Cost of raising & educating kids Availability of private & public pensions Religious beliefs, traditions & cultural norms

Annual Rate of Natural Population Change (%)= Birth rate – Death rate 1,000 people x 100