Industry Farming Living/ Working Conditions Demographics Gov’t & Power Transport Some of the men who became rich as a result of the industrial changes (factory men and businessmen) gained the vote in 1832, after a long campaign By enclosing their fields, farmers were able to experiment with the selective breeding of animals. These animals could produce more milk or more meat. Wealthier farmers bought strips of land from the poorer villagers. They used these to make large farms with enclosed fields and experimented with new crops. Canals expanded rapidly after the 1760s. A national network of canals meant cargo could cross the country from Liverpool to London, carrying coal and other goods Railways gave a huge boost to the iron industry and meant coal and other materials could reach ports cheaply and quickly. This meant businessmen made more profits. Reasons why people wanted to emigrate abroad included: unemployment; poverty; poor working conditions in the new factories; low wages; high bread prices. New inventions made it possible to spin and weave cloth much more quickly. This meant that the factory owners could make a lot more money. Later in the 19th Century, some politicians passed new laws to improve conditions in the towns. They hoped this would win them the votes of the working people. Poorer villagers, who had sold their land to richer farmers, now became landless labourers. Some left the countryside for new jobs in the towns. Laws were passed in the 19th Century to stop factories employing very young children and to cut the hours that children worked. The growing populations in the towns needed food. This helped the farmers to make more money. The food had to be transported to the new towns. Big change in where people lived, with many moving from the countryside to the town. In 1801, 31% of people lived in towns but this increased to 68% in 1881. Improvements on the roads reduced journey times. Roads had better surfaces and coaches could go faster. They were used to carry letters. Conditions in some of the new towns were terrible. Workers lived in tiny houses with no running water and no sewage facilities. Many Europeans emigrated abroad. British people went to the USA and Argentina or parts of the British Empire, including South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. By the early 1800s, there were still few Members of Parliament representing the new industrial towns, even though the populations were growing fast. Many of the new goods were sold abroad. This is why Britain was called the ‘workshop of the world’. Large buildings, called factories, were needed for the new machines and the many workers who operated them. Huge population increase, especially in England, which increased by six times in 1701-1901. Conditions in the factories were harsh. Young children had to clean machines. Some worked for as long as fourteen hours a day. Railways grew very fast, reducing travel time rapidly for people travelling between cities and for the transport of goods. The factories needed supplies of coal and iron so that the steam engines could work the new machines. In the second half of the nineteenth century, more and more working men were given the vote. In 1750, only very rich people could vote for a Member of Parliament.

Social Political Economic Some of the men who became rich as a result of the industrial changes (factory men and businessmen) gained the vote in 1832, after a long campaign By enclosing their fields, farmers were able to experiment with the selective breeding of animals. These animals could produce more milk or more meat. Wealthier farmers bought strips of land from the poorer villagers. They used these to make large farms with enclosed fields and experimented with new crops. Canals expanded rapidly after the 1760s. A national network of canals meant cargo could cross the country from Liverpool to London, carrying coal and other goods Railways gave a huge boost to the iron industry and meant coal and other materials could reach ports cheaply and quickly. This meant businessmen made more profits. Reasons why people wanted to emigrate abroad included: unemployment; poverty; poor working conditions in the new factories; low wages; high bread prices. Later in the 19th Century, some politicians passed new laws to improve conditions in the towns. They hoped this would win them the votes of the working people. New inventions made it possible to spin and weave cloth much more quickly. This meant that the factory owners could make a lot more money. Poorer villagers, who had sold their land to richer farmers, now became landless labourers. Some left the countryside for new jobs in the towns. Improvements on the roads reduced journey times. Roads had better surfaces and coaches could go faster. They were used to carry letters. Laws were passed in the 19th Century to stop factories employing very young children and to cut the hours that children worked. Big change in where people lived, with many moving from the countryside to the town. In 1801, 31% of people lived in towns but this increased to 68% in 1881. The growing populations in the towns needed food. This helped the farmers to make more money. The food had to be transported to the new towns. Conditions in some of the new towns were terrible. Workers lived in tiny houses with no running water and no sewage facilities. Many Europeans emigrated abroad. British people went to the USA and Argentina or parts of the British Empire, including South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. By the early 1800s, there were still few Members of Parliament representing the new industrial towns, even though the populations were growing fast. Huge population increase, especially in England, which increased by six times in 1701-1901. Many of the new goods were sold abroad. This is why Britain was called the ‘workshop of the world’. Large buildings, called factories, were needed for the new machines and the many workers who operated them. Conditions in the factories were harsh. Young children had to clean machines. Some worked for as long as fourteen hours a day. Railways grew very fast, reducing travel time rapidly for people travelling between cities and for the transport of goods. The factories needed supplies of coal and iron so that the steam engines could work the new machines. In the second half of the nineteenth century, more and more working men were given the vote. In 1750, only very rich people could vote for a Member of Parliament.