Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Establishment of Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E. Indo-European migrants ca. 2000 B.C.E. Bronze ca. 1800 B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Etruscans Originally from Anatolia Colonized Po River valley to Naples region Society declines late sixth century B.C.E. Greek maritime attacks Celtic invasions from north ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Kingdom of Rome Monarchy through 600s to 500s B.C.E. Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes 3 groups will compete for control of the Italian Peninsula: Etruscans – south Greeks – north Latins – Romans in Rome ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Establishment of the Republic 509 B.C.E., Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built – laws (12 Tables) posted there Republican constitution Executive: two consuls – elected to one-year terms Legislative: Senate ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times. Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict, 400s BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through 200s B.C.E. Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Expansion of the Republic Romans take over iron industry fifth to fourth century B.C.E. Expansion via military threat and incentives Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Punic Wars 264-146 B.C.E.: 3 major wars with Carthage Fight started over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic empires Carthaginian General Hannibal surprises Rome by invading from the north, instead of the south Dangerously crosses the Alps into Italy Wins a few battles but is eventually defeated ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hannibal’s route to Italy ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Punic Wars (cont.) End of the 3rd war – Rome burns Carthage and spreads salt on the ashes so nothing can grow back Rome becomes dominant force of the Mediterranean ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Expansion of the Roman Republic to 146 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Tiberius assassinated; Gaius executed Development of private armies made up of landless peasants Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Civil War 87 B.C.E.: Gaius Marius takes Rome 83 B.C.E.: Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out Reign of terror follows ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises in popularity Public spectacles, victories in Gaul (present-day France) Joins consuls Pompey and Crassus – form 1st triumverate (3 consuls) Pompey becomes suspicious of Caesar’s popularity – leads to Civil War ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Young Julius Caesar ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Julius Caesar (cont.) Caesar takes Egypt – child with queen Cleopatra VII named Caesarion Egyptians murder Pompey Cleopatra is Egypt’s last pharaoh Caesar attacked Rome 49 B.C.E. Names self dictator for life in 46 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, Senators assassinate Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assassination of Julius Caesar (100-44 B. C. ) in Roman senate Assassination of Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.) in Roman senate. Painting (19th century), Vincenzo Camuccini.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Augustus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar 2nd Triumvirate forms: Octavian – Caesar’s grand-nephew Marc Antony – Caesar's loyal friend Marcus Lepidus – older Senator Alliance ended in civil war between Octavian and Antony ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Augustus (cont.) Marc Antony goes to Egypt, marries Cleopatra Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium 27 B.C.E. Senate gives title of Augustus (exalted one) to Octavian – becomes Rome’s 1st emperor ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Augustus’s Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Augustus, first Roman emperor (63 B.C. - 14 A.D.). Marble bust.

Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork Curbs Drainage Flat paving stones Milestones Postal service ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Law Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E. Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Figure 4

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The City of Rome Cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Attractions Imported goods Trajan’s Forum – shopping mall Baths of Caracalla – public bath/spa Underground sewage Circus Maximus – chariot races and sporting events 250,000 spectators Colosseum – Gladiatorial games ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Family and Society Paterfamilias: “father of the family” Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property Enforcement inconsistent ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slavery 100s C.E.: estimated at one-third of empire’s population Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods – adopted from the Greeks Tutelary deities – personal guardians Absorption of gods from other cultures – Paganism ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Temple of Jupiter in Rome ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cicero and Stoicism Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) – orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism Individual’s highest public duty is pursuit of justice Scorned those who sought wealth by means that were immoral, illegal or unjust ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mithraism From Zoroastrian myth: god of sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Judaism in Early Rome 6 BCE – Rome conquers Judea – land of the Jews Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish War (66-70 C.E.) Develop belief that a savior (messiah) would save them from the Roman rule ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Synagogue at Capernaum ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Essenes Messianic Jewish cult – believe a Messiah (savior) will free them from the evil Roman Empire Baptism – how new members were admitted Ascetic lifestyle – strict moral code Dead Sea scrolls – discovered in 1947 – shed light on their beliefs ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dead Sea Scrolls ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Jesus of Nazareth Jewish teacher – viewed as the Christian savior Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Peaceful – taught devotion to God and love for fellow humans Early 30’s CE: Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Possible location for the Sermon on the Mount The exact location for the sermon is not mentioned in the bible, but this picture in the Galilean hillside is a good suggestion. In 2000, Pope John Paul II delivered a mass here that over 100,000 people could fit. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “anointed one” Teachings recorded in New Testament Jesus is son of God His death offsets sins of those faithful to him ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Paul of Tarsus Originally Saul of Tarsus – persecuted Christians Blinded on road to Damascus – becomes devoted follower of Jesus Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Traveled widely throughout the Roman empire Missionary activity ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Early Christian Communities Local leaders: bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual Nature of resurrection Role of women Extreme Roman persecution to late-200s C.E. Crucifixions, slaughters in arena, etc makes religion more organized – gradual acceptance of teachings ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Detail of Romans carrying Jewish spoils. Replica.

Growth of Early Christianity dramatic expansion of Christianity Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor Women 312 CE: Constantine becomes first Christian emperor – claims God helped him rise to power 389: Theodosius banns all other Gods and makes Christianity official religion of the empire Ends gladiator games early 400s ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors 235-284 C.E.: “barracks emperors” - twenty-six claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Maximus Thrax – the 1st of the barracks emperors. He once was a professional wrestler. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Diocletian (r. 284-305 C.E.) Divided empire into two administrative districts, east and west Co-emperors, dual lieutenants “Tetrarchs” Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows 312: Constantine emerges victorious – creates a capital city for the eastern empire, Constantinople ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Diocletian Splits the Empire ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Reforming emperors Diocletian Constantine ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors Visigoths – Germanic agriculturalists influenced by Roman law, Christianity originally allies of Rome, they began attacking Roman towns in the north 400s CE: attacks by Huns under Attila Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman empire causes further decline ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Attila the Hun ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors (cont.) 410 C.E.: Visigoths become first Germanic tribe to sack city of Rome 476 C.E.: Germanic General Odovacer deposes the emperor, empire officially falls Last Roman emperor – 14-year-old Romulus Augustulus ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Odoacer receives the blessing of St. Severinus to depose Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 450-476 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Compare the growth of the Roman empire during the Republican period versus the imperial period. What were the main locales of expansion during each era? Identify and then account for the basic differences between Greek and Roman societies and states? How, and why, did Roman society successfully build and maintain a far-reaching empire while Greeks mostly remained in their states? Look at the picture of the Roman forum on page 214. What do the ruins tell us about public life in Roman times? Look at the selection drawn from Tacitus on page 220 (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire). According to Tacitus, what were the problems facing Rome during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius? ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cultural Change in the Roman Empire Growth of Christianity Constantine’s vision, 312 C.E. Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice Converts to Christianity 380 C.E., Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman empire ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. St. Augustine (354-430 C.E.) Hippo, north Africa Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism 387 C.E., converts to Christianity Major theologian Gave up life of partying and lived life of poverty Served the poor of North Africa ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Institutional Church Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church Divinity of Jesus Role of women Church hierarchy established Patriarchs, bishop of Rome ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.