History of Architecture Taken from the book, A History of Architecture, Settings and Rituals, By Spiro Kostof

Why study the history of Architecture? Material Theater of Human Activity Architecture is a social act in Method & Purpose Evolution of Building Techniques Footings and Foundations Stone Walls, Pillars and Columns Roofs: domes, arches and vaults Materials: stone, wood, iron, steel, concrete…

How do we study the history of our built environment? Consider this: 1. the Whole Project- Structure & Form 2. the Setting 3. Treat all buildings with equal Curiosity 4. Time & Purpose What ritual took place there?

3 Classes of Architecture Shelter Boundary Monument

Terra Amata, France (400,000 BC) The oldest artificial structure

The Cave at Lascaux, France (18,000 BC) Community Project Sacred Reverence for animals

Megalithic Monuments: Ggantija, Malta & Stonehenge, England 3000-2750 BC First Temple dedicated to fertility, the dead, and the underworld Thought out and reproducable and the the first true building type. -Organization of space to celebrate heavenly events -Open air observatory Function = activity without reference to human involvement Ritual = transcendence of function to the level of a meaningful act

Jericho, Ancient Palestine 7500 BC Population: 3000 Houses, Public Buildings, Defensive Walls

Ziggurat of Ur Nammu, 2000 BC Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Giza Pyramids, Lower Egypt, 2570 BC

Karnak, Temple of Amaon, Thebes 1525 BC

Walls to Columns in Ancient Greece Knossos, 1400 BC Acropolis, 500 BC What is an acropolis? Greek Theater- Akropolis Lindos, Rhodes

the Colosseum Roman Empire, 72 AD

Hagia Sophia- 360 AD Istanbul, Turkey Remained the world’s largest Cathedral for over 1,000 years.

Arles, France 5th – 8th Century, the Dark Ages A typical Medieval Town

The Great Mosque, 780 AD Cordoba, Spain

Asia Angkor Wat, Cambodia Hall of Harmony, Forbidden City, China Kyoto Palace, Japan Samurai Houses

The Americas Tenochtitlan, Mexico Cuzco, Peru Tikal, Guatemala Cholula, Mexico

Three Churches Pisa Tower- 1178 AD The Holy Sepulchre- 1020 AD Chartres Cathedral- 1194 AD

The Renaissance Church of Santa Maria Novella Rome, Italy Florence, Italy --St. Peter’s Basilica Rome, Italy

Industrial Architecture East Pool Mine Cornwall, England King Cross Station, London, England Exposed Metal Structures

American Styles US Capitol- Washington D.C., 1793 Neoclassicism First Town-House Boston, 1658

Elevators & Steel Midland Grand Hotel- London Second Leiter Building Chicago Flatiron Building- NYC

Materials of Modernism The Steiner House by Adolf Loos “rationalist architecture” Casa Mila by Antoni Gaudi Church of Nortre-Dame du Raincy by Auguste Perret and Gustave Perret

the Modern Movement Le Corbusier- the Domino House Mies van der Rohe- “Less is more” Walter Gropius- “form reflects function” German Pavilion- Barcelona, Spain Le Corbusier- the Domino House

Internet Sources Ubthenews.com Hominides.com Gettyimages.com www2.stetson.edu Illustrationartgallery.com Imagesofanthropology.com Odysseyadventures.ca Sacredsites.com Hanser.ceat@okstate.edu Studyblue.com Shefelmanbooks.blogspot.com