Memory Chapter 8 Memory is an indication that learning has persisted over time. Information Processing Models -Computers, connectionism/parallel distributed Components: 1. Encoding: Getting Information in 2. Storage: Retaining Information 3. Retrieval: Getting Information Out 4. Forgetting 5. Memory Construction

What was it?

Unconscious/automatic encoding Information Processing Model = computational mind Storage: Sensory, Short-term and Long-term Processes: Encoding, Working memory, Retrieval and Forgetting Unconscious/automatic encoding Encoding Retrieval Events Sensory Memory Long-term Working Memory STM Forgetting Forgetting Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968)

Memory encoding or retrieval Effortful = Conscious = on purpose = explicit Not exclusive but a continuum Automatic Unconscious = accidental = unplanned= implicit

Sensory Memory Very brief but has a HUGE capacity Long-term Memory Working Memory Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long Encoding Retrieval Events Encoding Cocktail party effect: information goes to sensory memory to LTM then to Working memory

STM: The magical number seven plus or minus two Working Memory (WM: active process); Short-term memory (STM; store box) Sensory Memory Long-term Encoding Retrieval Events Working OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the duration and working capacity of short-term memory. STM: The magical number seven plus or minus two Chunking: expanding STM/WM Memory loss DO some demos! 1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

Working Memory in place of STM

Unlimited capacity store ? Long-Term Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Sensory Memory Unlimited capacity store ? Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986). Working Memory Events Encoding Retrieval OBJECTIVE 10| Describe the capacity and duration of long-term memory. Synaptic Changes: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to synaptic enhancement after learning

NOTE: Autobiographical memory can be Semantic (general) memory Episodic (specific events) memory NOTE: Autobiographical memory can be either semantic (you know) or episodic (you remember) Retrograde (before the event) Amnesia Anterograde (after the event) Amnesia (Clive Wearing)

Flashbulb Memory A unique and highly emotional moment can give rise to clear, strong, and persistent memory This memory is susceptible to errors, but more persistent due to emotion, repeated telling, and meaningfulness Stress Hormones: Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make stronger memories, but continued stress can disrupt memory.

Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: Encoding: Getting Information In One form is Basic Repetition = Rehearsal Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de

Encoding: Levels of processing: Semantic, acoustic, and visual

Techniques for encoding: (improving your memory) Repeating and rehearsing Mnemonics: Method of Loci, Peg-word system, Acronyms, Acrostics, Self-reference... Chunking and WM expansion Spacing effect and “savings” concept Hippocampus: Left side: verbal and Right side: visual and spatial

Encoding: Hierarchy and conceptual maps as Retrieval Cues water smell hose Fire Truck fire OBJECTIVE 15| Explain how retrieval cues help us access stored memories, and describe the process of priming. smoke truck heat red

Did you really forget it. OR did you not encode it. Draw a penny Did you really forget it? OR did you not encode it? Draw a penny. Test your knowledge What shape is it? What color? What images are on it? Which way is his nose pointing What words or phrases? Are the words in capital letters or lower case?

Measuring and retrieving Memory Recognition Recall (Free recall and cued recall) Priming

Retrieval: Context Effects and Mood-Congruency Emotions, or moods can also serve as retrieval cues Fred McConnaughey/ Photo Researchers

The serial position effect A Primacy and recency effects The wordlist examples

A reason for forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference Passwords, and lock combinations OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast proactive and retroactive interference, and explain how they can cause retrieval failure.

Memory Errors Controversy: Sins or blessings? Daniel Schacter’s book Seven Sins of Memory Forgetting: Transience, Absent-mindedness (attention), Blocking (tot, repression?) Repression: Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness Distortion: Misattribution (source), Suggestible (commissions), Bias (1st idea, rosy perspective) Intrusion and not able to forget: Persistence (Please go away!)

Memory is Constructive Misinformation Effect: Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. Group A: How fast were the cars were going when they hit each other? Group B: How fast were the cars were going when they smashed into each other? Source Amnesia: Attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).

Applications and implications True and False Memories How true is true? What is false? Experiments Creating false memories (and accusations) Children's memory and the ACDs Eyewitness identification mistakes Using line-ups for identification Using the cognitive interview

Conclusions about Memory and Childhood Abuse Abuse and recall Quoted from your text book Incest and other sexual abuse happens Injustice happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are commonplace Recovered memories under hypnosis or drugs are unreliable. Memories of things happening before 3 years are unreliable Memories whether real or false are emotionally upsetting Most Traumatic memories are remembered at least partially.

Eyewitnesses and line-ups Use the cognitive interview style Open ended questions, rapport Eyewitnesses are “sometimes” wrong whole face vs. partial face recognition cross-race biases “pick the closest (comparison)vs. the one (sequential)”