Field Work, Herbaria, Databases, Floras, and Monographs for Plant Systematics Spring 2012

Systematics Science of organismal diversity Discovery, description and interpretation of biological diversity Discovery and description of the evolutionary tree of life (phylogeny) Synthesis of information in the form of predictive classification systems Production of identification tools (e.g., keys, floras and faunas, monographs, databases, etc.)

What systematists do (when they are not doing phylogenetics) Field work Specimens/herbaria Databases, keys Floras, monographs, websites

Field Work

Important steps in doing field work Figure out where the plants grow (herbarium specimens, databases) Make contacts in those countries Solicit appropriate collecting and export permits Find the funds to do the field work! Get the proper equipment (either take it with you or get it when you arrive)

Important steps cont’d. Arrange for transportation (and lodging if visiting a field station) Collect the specimens (take any necessary measurements in the field; take photos) Process the specimens (drying, sorting into duplicates) Make and distribute the labels (including georeferencing) Arrange for shipping of your duplicates to your institution

Collecting Challenges

Costa Rica Collecting bamboo leaf samples for DNA (DNA usually requires a special permit) Bamboo flowers!

Pressing specimens

Specimens are stored in the herbarium A herbarium is a plant library, containing pressed and dried plant and fungal specimens.

Fig. 18.2 Fig. 18.2

Fig. 18.3

Cofre del Perote, Veracruz, Mexico These plants are now part of the living bamboo collection at the Clavigero Botanical Garden, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Mexico.

Buds and leaves preserved in alcohol for anatomical study Leaves in silica gel for DNA extraction

Ada Hayden Herbarium Iowa State University http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herbarium/index.html

USDA PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov/

Collections of Chusquea serpens from Costa Rica

Chusquea latifolia (Colombia) Chusquea serpens (Costa Rica)

Chusquea latifolia drawings

Fig. A2.1

Leaf anatomy and micromorphology

Description and mapping of a new species

Chusquea species description per decade

(Arundinaria appalachiana) A new bamboo native to the U.S.A. Hillcane (Arundinaria appalachiana) A new bamboo native to the U.S.A. described in 2006 We still don’t know our own flora completely!

Flora of North America http://floranorthamerica.org/ A flora is a taxonomic treatment of plant diversity in a given region or political unit or habitat.

Grasses of Iowa http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/

A monograph is a taxonomic treatment of a particular taxon, usually a family or genus or subdivision of one of these.