Chloroplast By Jared Bowen-Kauth
What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
Structure of Chloroplasts Mobile and can change shape Chloroplast envelope Inner and outer membrane Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc
Structure of Chloroplasts Mobile and can change shape Chloroplast envelope Inner and outer membrane Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc
Structure of Chloroplasts Mobile and can change shape Chloroplast envelope Inner and outer membrane Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc
Structure of Chloroplasts Mobile and can change shape Chloroplast envelope Inner and outer membrane Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc
Structure of Chloroplasts Mobile and can change shape Chloroplast envelope Inner and outer membrane Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc
Structure of Chloroplasts Three membranes divide cell into three compartments: Intermembrane space Stroma Thylakoid lumen
Structure of Chloroplasts The stacks of thylakoid sacs are connected by stroma lamellae Skeleton for the chloroplast Keeps the sacs a safe distance from each other Maximizes the efficiency of the organelle
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Not part of the endomembrane system Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Not part of the endomembrane system Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Not part of the endomembrane system Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Not part of the endomembrane system Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Semiautonomous organelles Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Semiautonomous organelles Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Semiautonomous organelles Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria Semiautonomous organelles Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria In the mitochondria… The proton gradient is generated across the inner membrane Used to drive ATP synthesis in the matrix.
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria In the mitochondria… The proton gradient is generated across the inner membrane Used to drive ATP synthesis in the matrix.
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria In chloroplasts… The proton gradient is generated across the thylakoid membrane Used to drive ATP synthesis in the stroma.
Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria In chloroplasts… The proton gradient is generated across the thylakoid membrane Used to drive ATP synthesis in the stroma.
The Chloroplast Genome Genome-the genetic material of an organism Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.
The Chloroplast Genome Genome-the genetic material of an organism Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.
The Chloroplast Genome Genome-the genetic material of an organism Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.
The Chloroplast Genome Genome-the genetic material of an organism Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.
The Chloroplast Genome Genome-the genetic material of an organism Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.
Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts
Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts
Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts
Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts
Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts
Cellular Respiration The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
Photosynthesis: basically the direct opposite... The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds Occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes
Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists Xanthophylls and carotenoids
Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists Xanthophylls and carotenoids
Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists Xanthophylls and carotenoids
Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists Xanthophylls and carotenoids
Chlorophyll Absorbs its energy from violet-blue and reddish orange wavelengths Chlorophyll molecules lie on top of each thylakoid to capture the sun’s light rays. Reactions create energy molecules that move to the stroma, where carbon can be fixed and sugars synthesized.
Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars. Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules
Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars. Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules
Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars. Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules
Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars. Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules
Making Food Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide. The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.
Making Food Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide. The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.
Making Food Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide. The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.
Making Food Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide. The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.
Photosynthesis Two stage process Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions) requires light energy to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates
Photosynthesis Two stage process Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions) requires light energy to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates
Photosynthesis The Dark Reactions can usually occur in the dark, if the energy carriers from the light process are present. Light Reactions-grana Dark Reactions-stroma
Photosynthesis The Dark Reactions can usually occur in the dark, if the energy carriers from the light process are present. Light Reactions-grana Dark Reactions-stroma
Light and Dark Reactions Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product. ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates
Light and Dark Reactions Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product. ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates
Light and Dark Reactions Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product. ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates
Light and Dark Reactions Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product. ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates
Light and Dark Reactions Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product. ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates
Light and Dark Reactions Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product. ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates
Photosynthesis Two stage process Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions) requires light energy to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates
Light and Dark Reactions Carbon fixation The dark reactions (Calvin Benison Cycle) make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH). ATP provides the energy, while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
References Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2005). AP Biology: Seventh edition. San Francisco, Ca.: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Cooper, G. M. (2000). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9905/ Photosynthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPS.html Studios, A. R. (n.d.). Chloroplasts - Show Me the Green. Retrieved from http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_chloroplast.html