Cell migration in response to the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase requires epidermal growth factor receptor activation through an ADAM-mediated mechanism

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Cell migration in response to the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase requires epidermal growth factor receptor activation through an ADAM-mediated mechanism Andrew M. Bakken, MD, Clinton D. Protack, MD, Elisa Roztocil, BS, Suzanne M. Nicholl, PhD, Mark G. Davies, MD, PhD, MBA Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 49, Issue 5, Pages 1296-1303 (May 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026 Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Proposed triple membrane passing system for amino-terminal fragment urokinase (ATF). ATF binds urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and this activates Gβγ and other intracellular molecules to activate A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase Domains (ADAM) protease. Activation of ADAM associated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity leads to release of the tethered ligand, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), which in turn activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Activation of EGFR is necessary for ATF mediated migration. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009 49, 1296-1303DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026) Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Amino-terminal (ATF) (10 nM) induces significant smooth muscle cell migration in the Boyden chamber migration assays. A, Migration in response to ATF was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor (AG1478, 1 hour pre-stimulation and 12 hours stimulation); (B) Pre-incubation (4-6 hours) with small interference ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to EGFR inhibited the migratory response. Insert shows the efficacy of the siRNA in knocking down the total EGFR protein present. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 6, **P < .01 compared to control). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009 49, 1296-1303DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026) Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 A, Amino-terminal (ATF)-induced a fourfold increase in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and (B) this response was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing concentrations of AG1478 (0.1-1000 nM, 1 hour pre-stimulation). C, Pre-incubation with small interference ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to EGFR inhibited EGFR activation in response to ATF and also inhibited EGFR phosphorylation in response to EGF. Response to AG1478 is shown for comparison (D). Transfection with adenovirus containing the Gβγ inhibitor βARKCT (GβγI) inhibited EGFR activation in response to ATF, but had no effect in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). Values are the mean ± SEM of the ratio of the phosphorylation of EGFR relative to the total unphosphosphorylated EGFR (n = 6, *P < .05, **P < .01 compared to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM] control). A representative Western blot is shown above the graphs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009 49, 1296-1303DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026) Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation by amino-terminal (ATF) (10 nM) was inhibited by pre-incubation with heparin (100 U/mL), blockade of the ligand heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) with the HB-EGF inhibitor CRM197 and an Anti-HB-EGF antibody. IgG had no effect. EGF-mediated activation of EGFR was not blocked by these inhibitors. Direct blockade of the EGFR prevented activation by both ATF and EGF. Values are the mean ± SEM of the ratio of the phosphorylation of EGFR relative to the total unphosphosphorylated EGFR (n = 6, **P < .01 compared to control). Representative Western blots are shown above the graphs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009 49, 1296-1303DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026) Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Amino-terminal (ATF) (10 nM) induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation which was inhibited by the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor (GM6001) and the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase Domains (ADAM) inhibitors (TAPI-0 and TAPI-1). Values are the mean ± SEM of the ratio of the phosphorylation of EGFR relative to the total unphosphosphorylated EGFR (n = 6, *P < .05 **P < .01 compared to control). Representative Western blots are shown above the graphs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009 49, 1296-1303DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026) Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 A, Small interference ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase Domains (ADAM)-9, ADAM-10 and ADAM-12 resulted in a ∼50% decrease in their respective ADAM protein expression compared to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) control or scrambled siRNA. This was specific. B, Incubation with siRNA, ADAM-9, and ADAM-10 significantly reduced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation in response to ATF. Scrambled amino-terminal (ATF) siRNA and siRNA against ADAM-12 had no effect. C, Incubation with GM6001, TAPI-0 and TAPI-1 and siRNA to ADAM-9 and ADAM-10 markedly decreased heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) release from smooth muscle cells into the media. D, Incubation with siRNA to ADAM-9 and ADAM-10 markedly decreased smooth muscle cells migration compared to scrambled siRNA in the Boyden chamber in response to ATF. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 6, * P < .05, **P < .01 compared to control). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009 49, 1296-1303DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.026) Copyright © 2009 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions