Map quizzes 2015-16 6 throughout the course First 10 minutes of class; if you come late, no extra time; if you skip = zero First one on North America, Central America & the Caribbean You must know all of the countries listed, plus any other key info I ask of you I will then randomly choose 20 things for you to identify for me Spelling counts! 1 mistake = ½ mark deducted, 2+ mistakes = no mark

Ch. 3 Migration Why do people migrate?

Migration Other aspect of population Permanent move to a new location Movement is not migration Cyclic (commuting, seasonal) & Periodic (migrant labour, military service) Emigration vs. Immigration Difference between these is the ‘Net Migration’ (in or out) NMR

International Migration – Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

Net migration + or -

Cont’d… Profound impacts for both sending & receiving countries “Brain Drain”, remittances, workforce in aging pop. etc… Newton’s First Law of Migration: The Gravity Model Mathematical model that estimates the movement between 2 places Pop. Size & distance are key factors

Reasons for Migrating Push vs. Pull factors Both usually play a role Economic (most important?), Cultural & Environmental factors Examples for each? Intervening Obstacles something that hinders migration usually environmental or cultural Historically transportation

Economic Cultural Environmental **Jobs Natural Resources Canada/US as favored destination Cultural Voluntary vs. Involuntary (forced) Political Instability, Atlantic Slave Trade Native Peoples Refugees (largest groups – Palestinians, Syrians & Afghans; internal refugees – Sudan & Angola) Democracy as a pull factor (E vs. W Europe) Environmental Coasts, mountains, warmth; pull migrants Water most common env. threat (floods, drought, disease) Becoming a much bigger reason for migration

Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade

Refugees: Sources and destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

Distance of Migration International vs. Internal migration About 9% of worlds people are International migrants Distance decay (ex. Mexico to US states) “Step” migration Forced & Voluntary Interregional (Rural-Urban) vs. Intraregional (Cities to suburbs) Migration Transition (Zelinsky); similar to DT stage 2 (international) vs. stage 3 & 4 (internal)

Other Factors: Migration streams; result from information flows from earlier migrants Immigrant communities develop

Characteristics of Migrants Long distance migrants tend to be Male (more females now than before though) Single adults (early 20s; highest %)

Laws of Migration - Ravenstein Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration The majority of migrants move a short distance Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations Urban residents are less migratory than rural Families are less likely to make int’l moves than young adults Females are more migratory than males **to the US Economic factors are the main cause of migration