WINTER Template BIRTH CONTROL aka: Contraception

BACKGROUND INFO 01 WINTER Template CONCEPTION

WINTER Contraception Template Pregnancy Prevention; Birth Control “The deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by any of various drugs, techniques, or devices” (Websters.com) Template Couples who choose to be sexually active and want to minimize the risk of pregnancy must decide on a method of birth control (contraception).

WINTER Choosing a Method Template Personal values/beliefs There are many factors to consider when choosing a method. Template Personal values/beliefs Relationship with partner Frequency of intercourse Cost and availability Ease of use (How much planning or preparation is needed?) Ability to use consistently and correctly Concern about sexually transmitted disease Health/safety/comfort Effectiveness

WINTER Effectiveness/Failure Rate Template How good a method of birth control is at preventing pregnancy Template Contraceptive methods are measured by their “failure rate” - the percentage of pregnancies that result in one year by people using that method. Without the use of birth control, 85 out of 100 couples will get pregnant in a year. Often, failure of a contraceptive method is due to misuse of the method.

WINTER Typical vs. Correct Use Template The efficacy of a birth control method varies significantly based on the way it is used. Template Typical Use:  When contraception is not used every time, or it’s not used according to instructions every time. Correct/Perfect Use:  When contraception is used every time, and it is used according to instructions every time. Source: Young Women’s Health

WINTER Methods Template Diaphragm Cervical Cap Behavioral Abstinence Withdrawal Fertility Awareness Barrier Condom (male & female) Diaphragm Cervical Cap Contraceptive Sponge Spermicide Hormonal Oral Pill Patch Ring Shot Implant Emergency contraception Long-Term/Intrauterine IUD Permanent Vasectomy Tubal Ligation Template (and more!)

BEHAVIOR METHODS 02 Changes in sexual behavior and patterns in order to attempt to prevent pregnancy Require serious commitment of both individuals EXAMPLES: Abstinence Withdrawal Natural Family Planning

Abstinence Definition: Choosing not to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex Type: Behavioral Effectiveness: 100% Other Info: Only 100% effective method of pregnancy AND disease prevention Free and always available People can choose to be abstinent at any time in their lives People choose abstinence for a variety of reasons

Withdrawal Definition: Pulling the penis out of the vagina prior to ejaculation Type: Behavioral Effectiveness 78% with typical use Other Info: Free and always available It takes experience and a lot of self control Women do not have any power/control over the execution Withdrawal does not protect against STD’s

Fertility Awareness Definition: Avoiding sex when ovulation is most likely (Temperature, Cervical Mucus, Calendar)

Fertility Awareness Avoiding sex when ovulation is most likely Type: Behavioral Effectiveness: 76-88% with typical use Other Info: Free or minimal cost for a special thermometer, classes, etc. No medical or hormonal side effects Very complicated, requires commitment of BOTH partners Exceptionally difficult for women with irregular menstrual cycles Other factors can affect body temperature and cervical mucus No protection against STDs An option for people who oppose other forms of birth control

03 BARRIER METHODS Create a physical barrier between sperm and the egg Must be put in place before any sexual activity Must be used consistently and correctly EXAMPLES: Condom Female Condom Contraceptive Sponge Diaphragm Cervical Cap Spermicide

Spermicide Definition: A substance used to immobilize sperm and prevent them from reaching the egg. Type: Barrier Failure Rate/Effectiveness: 71% Other Info: Costs approx. $8/package More effective when used in combination with condoms and other methods No hormonal side effects Available without a prescription Must be put in place 15 minutes before intercourse Some people are allergic Does not protect against STD’s

Male Condom Definition: A thin sheath that fits over an erect penis & traps semen inside to prevent sperm from meeting with an egg. Type: Barrier Effectiveness: 85% Other Info: Cost about $1-$2 each (but are sometimes available for free) Prevents pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases Can be used for vaginal, anal, or oral sex More effective when used in combination with spermicide Safe, effective, and easy to get Single use

Female Condom Definition: A plastic pouch that is inserted into the vagina. It traps semen inside to prevent sperm from meeting with an egg. Type: Barrier Effectiveness: 79% Other Info: Cost about $4 each Prevents pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections Gives power/control to woman Can be inserted up to 8 hours before sex. Single use

Diaphragm/Cervial Cap Definition: A barrier combined with spermicide that provides a barrier to sperm. Fits into vagina and covers the cervix. Type: Barrier Effectiveness: 86-88% (for someone that has never given birth) Other Info: Needs a special fitting/more expensive Costs up to $75, but can be $0 No hormonal side effects Preparation is needed Some may be uncomfortable putting it into place Can be put in place 2 hours before sex Must be left in for at least 6 hours after sex Diaphragms can be left in for 24 hours and Cervical Caps can be left in for 2 days No protection against STD’s Reusable Diaphragm Cervical Cap

Sponge Definition: A soft, squishy, plastic sponge and spermicide is inserted into the vagina to prevent pregnancy by blocking the cervix and preventing sperm from moving. Type: Barrier Effectiveness: 88% (for someone that has never given birth) Other Info: Costs $0–$15 for a package of three sponges Can be put in place up to 24 hours before sex Must remain in place for at least 6 hours after sex No hormonal side effects Preparation is needed Some may be uncomfortable putting it into place Spermicide must be reapplied each time No protection against STDs One use Sponge

HORMONAL METHODS 04 Stop ovulation (the release of the mature egg by the ovary) Increase cervical mucus (making it difficult for sperm to pass) Must be prescribed by a doctor No protection against disease EXAMPLES: Oral Pill Patch Ring Shot Implant Emergency contraception

Oral Contraceptive (“The Pill”) Definition: A pill, taken once a day, that releases hormones to stop ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to keep the sperm from reaching an egg. These pills contain hormones. These pills do not contain hormones. They are optional and included to help women maintain their regular schedule. A woman will have her period this week.

Oral Contraceptive (“The Pill”) Type: Hormonal Effectiveness: 91% Other Info: Cost depends on insurance coverage Need to take a pill every day at roughly the same time Nothing to put into place before sex There can be side effects No protection against STDs Many options

Other Hormonal Options “The Ring” Left in place for 3 or 4 weeks. “The Patch” Replaced 1x/week Belly, upper arm, butt, or back “The Implant” Replaced up to every 4 years “The Shot” Injected every 3 months

Emergency Contraception Pregnancy doesn't happen right after sex. That's why it's possible to prevent pregnancy even after the fact. It can take up to six days for the sperm and egg to meet after having sex. Emergency contraception pills work by keeping a woman's ovary from releasing an egg or preventing sperm from moving. Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm or if sperm cannot make it to the egg. Emergency contraception won’t work if you’re already pregnant, and it won’t harm an existing pregnancy. Emergency contraception doesn’t end a pregnancy — it prevents one.

Emergency Contraception Definition: Pill(s) or IUD that reduce the risk of pregnancies by delaying or inhibiting ovulation, or preventing sperm from getting to the egg. Type: Emergency Info: Option 1: Get a ParaGard IUD within 120 hours (5 days) after having unprotected sex. This is the most effective type of emergency contraception. It is made of copper which prevents sperm from swimming to the egg. Option 2: Take an emergency contraceptive pill (AKA the morning-after pill) within 120 hours (5 days) after having unprotected sex. There are 2 types of morning-after pills. Ella requires a prescription and Plan B can be purchased over the counter.

05 LONG-TERM & PERMANENT Must be inserted/performed by a doctor No protection against disease

Intrauterine Device (IUD) Definition: Copper (12 years) and hormonal (3/4/5/or 6 years) devices that prevent sperm from moving (copper) or thicken cervical mucous, and prevent ovulation (hormonal) Type: Long Term Effectiveness: 99% Other Info: Cost depends on insurance coverage Some versions also have a small amount of hormone that prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. Nothing to put into place before sex Can be left in up to 12 years (copper) No protection against STDs

Permanent Methods Definition: Surgical procedure that blocks the fallopian tubes in a woman (tubal ligation) or the vas deferens in a man (vasectomy) Type: Permanent Failure Rate/Effectiveness: 99% + Other Info: Cost depends on insurance coverage Nothing to put into place before sex No protection against STDs No lasting side effects on pleasure Surgical procedure involves risk and recovery Reversibility not guaranteed/possibility of regret Tubal ligation is more complicated