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Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.10 Figure 1 Histopathological changes in vascular crystal nephropathies (type 1) Figure 1 | Histopathological changes in vascular crystal nephropathies (type 1). a | Crystals induce the thickening of the renal artery through the proliferation of intimal and medial layer smooth muscle causing severe narrowing of the lumen (haematoxylin and eosin staining). b | The corresponding renal parenchyma shows diffuse cortical atrophy, marked arterial wall thickening, thyroidization-type tubular atrophy (black arrows), diffuse interstitial fibrosis and chronic inflammation (white arrow) (haematoxylin and eosin staining). c | Cholesterol atheroemboli fill in the lumen of this medium size artery stained with trichrome. Cholesterol crystals appear as spindle-shaped empty spaces (clefts, indicated by arrows) often engulfed by inflammatory cells (cholesterol crystals dissolve during formalin fixation). Images courtesy of Helen Liapis, Arkana Laboratories, USA. Mulay, S. R. & Anders, H.-J. (2017) Crystal nephropathies: mechanisms of crystal-induced kidney injury Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.10