3-1: WORLDS COLLIDE, 1492-1600s

Objectives CUL 1.0 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life. CUL 3.0 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics. CUL 4.0 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society. MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.

Objectives GEO 1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both the interactions among different groups and the development of government policies. WOR 1.0 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America. WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society. WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. WXT 3.0 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.

Key Concepts As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies and adapting to and transforming their diverse environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

American Indians Native Americans were overwhelmed by European diseases and weaponry We think of the colonists as the “winners” and the Indians as the “losers,” but how did the Native Americans get where they were?

American Indians America’s first inhabitants lived as nomads, following their prey Bering Strait Became sedentary over time

Most archaeologists and historians believe that the first Americans crossed a land bridge known as the Bering Strait between modern Russia and Alaska during the last Ice Age, roughly 10,000-20,000 years ago. Some argue, however, that they slowly sailed down the Pacific coast using primitive boats until they landed in South America.

American Indians Central and South America Maya (Yucatan) Aztec (Mexico) Inca (Peru)

American Indians North America Language Southwest Northwest Great Plains Midwest Northeast Atlantic Coast

American Indians Similarities with European Society Calendars Irrigation systems for farming Domestication of crops Medicine Large cities (Tenochtitlan) Religion Gender division (labor)

American Indians Key Difference from European Society No concept of private property

American Indians Like every other society in the world at the time, Pre-Columbian America was characterized by inter-tribal warfare resulting in the displacement, migration, and enslavement of numerous tribes

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Europe in the 16th Century Scandinavian Vikings—Greenland, 1000 Europe unable to meet the challenge of sustained colonization Lack of economic/technical resources Political/social division Feudalism Preoccupation with local concerns Illiterate, poor, unfree citizenry

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Improvements in Technology Demise of feudalism/rise of rival nation-states Growth of cities and a strong merchant class The Renaissance and education Printing press (mass produced books on geography, foreign culture, trade) Advances in ship design and navigation

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Religious Conflict Catholic Victory (Spain) Stability and unity Protestant Reformation (N. Europe) Competition to spread the “right” version of Christianity

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Expanding Trade New Routes Slave Trading

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Reasons for Leaving “Old World” Escape from direct religious persecution Fear about religious future at home Anxiety about political change in Europe Dismay over the economy Need for farmland Relief from joblessness

Europe Moves Toward Exploration Reasons for Coming to “New World” Desire for gold and precious metals Claims to new colonies (mercantilism) Missionary work Adventure and curiosity Trade Passage to the Far East (NW Passage) “Gold, God, & Glory”

Map of the New World c. 1550

Early Explorations Columbian Exchange Exchange between old and new worlds Demographic, economic, and social changes

Early Explorations Columbian Exchange Negative Effects Smallpox Forced relocation Enslavement Exploitation Resources plundered

Early Explorations Columbian Exchange Positive Effects Trade—horses, cows, guns, cotton Increased longevity Technological improvements Better education Model of a more stable government Christianity (morals, no more human sacrifice, etc.)

Early Explorations Dividing the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Competition

Early Explorations Spanish Conquest Search for gold Haciendas Encomienda System Limited long-term use due to spread of disease Intermarriage and Caste System

Spanish conquistadores included Christopher Columbus (Italian-born, sailed for Spain), Ponce de Leon, Vasco de Balboa, Hernando de Soto, Hernan Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, and Juan Cabrillo

Early Explorations English Claims Individuals or families seeking social mobility Focus on agriculture Removal of Indians, not subjugation

Early Explorations French and Dutch Claims Search for Northwest Passage Trading outposts and alliances with Native Americans Used alliances to thwart England’s colonies

Treatment of American Indians English Policy Removal, not subjugation Little intermarriage Arrived as families French Policy Posed less threat Economic and military allies

Treatment of American Indians Spanish Policy Valladolid Debate Sepulveda Indians less than human so encomienda system was beneficial Las Casas Indians human and morally equivalent to Europeans Enslavement not justified Pueblo Revolt