Bacteria on us oh no http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=microbiome-graphic-explore-human-microbiome

The inner life of the cell Full narrated version

Objective 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Understanding (Statement objectives) Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications Describe the structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas. Describe the structure and function of the organelles within palisade mesophyll of the leaf. Nature of science Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus: Describe how the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. Skills Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall. Interpret of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope No mitochondria versus mitochondria 70S versus 80S ribosomes Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions. State three differences between plant and animal cells.

Eukaryotes Life with a nucleus Image: Hela Cell nuclei via http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg

Objective 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Understanding (Statement objectives) Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications Describe the structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas. Describe the structure and function of the organelles within palisade mesophyll of the leaf. Nature of science Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus: Describe how the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. Skills Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall. Interpret of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope No mitochondria versus mitochondria 70S versus 80S ribosomes Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions. State three differences between plant and animal cells.

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells DNA in ring form without protein DNA with proteins: chromosomes/chromatin DNA free in cytoplasm (nucleoid region) DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope (nucleus) No mitochondria Mitochondria 70s ribosomes 80s ribosomes No membrane bound organelles Membrane bound organelles

Animal Cells

Objective 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Understanding (Statement objectives) Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Applications Describe the structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas. Describe the structure and function of the organelles within palisade mesophyll of the leaf. Nature of science Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus: Describe how the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. Skills Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall. Interpret of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope No mitochondria versus mitochondria 70S versus 80S ribosomes Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions. State three differences between plant and animal cells.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

NUCLEUS

Nucleus Structure: Double membrane, continuous with ER Contains DNA and proteins DNA wound around proteins organized into chromosomes Perforated by pores Nucleolus inside Function: DNA is code for proteins, genetic information Nucleolus made up of ribosomal RNA, which makes up the ribosomes where protein synthesis happens Pores allow mRNA and rRNA to leave nucleus

RIBOSOMES

Ribosomes Structure: Made of rRNA and protein Small and large subunits Some are attached to endomembranous system, some are free Function Site of protein synthesis Proteins made on bound ribosomes are secreted outside the cell Proteins made on free ribosomes are used inside the cell.

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons. Stores Ca++ in muscle cells Rough ER: synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins Makes membrane proteins and phospholipids that makes up its own membrane Smooth ER has no ribosomes, has enzymes embedded in the membrane Rough ER has ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus Function: Structure: Flattened, membranous sacs called cisterns Function: Proteins and phospholipids are modified Products leave in vesicles, these can go to other places in the cell or to the membrane for secretion. Products are tagged chemically so they go to the correct places

Lysosome

lysosome Structure: Membranous sac with digestive enzymes Only in animal cells Functions: Intracellular digestion of macromolecules Recycling of damaged organelles called autophagy

Everyone should have a favorite organelle :)

Mitochondria Structure: more detail when we learn about respiration Function: cellular respiration Why I am obsessed with my mitochondrial function

Vacuoles Similar to lysosomes, have hydrolytic enzymes Present in plant and fungi, protista Functions: Food vacuoles store food Contractile vacuoles in protists control water and salts Plants have central vacuole that gives internal support, stores organic molecules, pigments, poisons

Plant Cells

chloroplast Structure: more detail when we learn about photosynthesis Function - Photosynthesis

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Feature Animal Plant Cell wall Not present Present- composed of cellulose Carbohydrate storage Glycogen Starch Chloroplast Present in plant cells that photosynthesize Vacuole Small if present at all Large, fluid filled vacuoles Centrioles Centrioles within a small centrosome area No centrioles

TOK Thought We observe the world around us by looking at what we can see Is there any difference between something you observe with your 5 senses vs. something you need technology to assist with (ex- looking through a microscope) real cells

Grab a whiteboard…quick quiz :) A cell has cytoplasm, a cell wall, naked DNA and ribosomes. Based on this information, what type of cell could this be? A. A cell from a pine tree B. A grasshopper cell C. A human red blood cell D. A bacterium Prokaryotic cells lack a true a) ribosome b) mesosome c) cytoplasm d) nucleus

Quick quiz….

Identify the labeled structures in this liver cell TEM image. Calculate: The magnification of the image The maximum diameter of the nucleus Source: http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/empage/empage.htm

Identify the labeled structures in this liver cell TEM image. golgi apparatus plasma membrane ribosome vesicles rough er nucleus Scale bar measures 33mm Actual = Measured/magnification Mag = 16,500x Diameter measures 85mm Actual = 5.15 µm Calculate: The magnification of the image The maximum diameter of the nucleus Source: http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/empage/empage.htm

What you’ll see under your microscope Today’s :ab This is what your drawings should look like!