Figure 12.1 Electron micrograph of the erythrocyte plasma membrane showing the trilaminar appearance. Courtesy of J. D. Robertson, Duke University,Durham,

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Figure 12.1 Electron micrograph of the erythrocyte plasma membrane showing the trilaminar appearance. Courtesy of J. D. Robertson, Duke University,Durham, NC. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.2 Percentage of lipid and protein in various cellular membranes. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.3 L-Glycerol 3-phosphate. (b) courtesy of Dr. Daniel Predecki, Shippensburg University, PA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.4 Structure of glycerophospholipid. (b) courtesy of Dr. Daniel Predecki, Shippensburg University, PA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.5 Structures of major alcohols esterified to phosphatidic acid to form the glycerophospholipid. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.6 Structures of the two most common glycerophospholipids. (b) courtesy of Dr. Daniel Predecki, Shippensburg University, PA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.7 Phosphatidylglycerol phosphoglyceride (cardiolipin). Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.8 Phosphatidylinositol. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.9 Conformation of fatty acyl groups in phospholipids. (b) courtesy of Dr. Daniel Predecki, Shippensburg University, PA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.10 Ethanolamine plasmalogen. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.11 Structures of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.12 Structure of a ceramide. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.13 Choline containing sphingomyelin. (b) courtesy of Dr. Daniel Predecki, Shippensburg University, PA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.14 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.15 Structure of a sulfatide. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.16 Cholesterol. (b) courtesy of Dr. Daniel Predecki, Shippensburg University, PA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.17 Lipid composition of cellular membranes isolated from rat liver. Values from Harrison, R., and Lunt, G. G. Biological Membranes. New York: Wiley, 1975. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.18 Structures of some membrane carbohydrates. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.19 Interactions of phospholipids in an aqueous medium. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.20 Mobility of lipid components in membranes. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.21 Model of a lipid bilayer stopped at a moment in time. Figure generously supplied by Richard Pastor and Richard Venable, FDA, Bethesda, MD. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.22 Fluid mosaic model of biological membranes. Figure very generously supplied by Professor P.Kinnunen, University of Helsinki, Finland. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.23 Distribution of phospholipids between inner and outer layers of the human erythrocyte membrane. Data from Verkeij, A. J., Zwaal, R. F. A., Roelofsen, B. Comfurius, P. et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 323: 178, 1973; and Zachowski, A. Biochem. J. 294: 1, 1993. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.24 Interactions of membrane proteins with the lipid bilayer. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.25 Integral membrane protein. Figure very generously supplied by Professor Fritz K. Winkler and Dr. Peter Hasler, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.26 Hydropathy plot of aquaporin 1 from human erythrocytes. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.27 Figure reproduced with permission from Kozono, D., Yasui, M., King, L. S., and Agre, P. Aquaporin water channels: atomic structure and molecular dynamics meet clinical medicine. J . Clin. Invest. 109: 1395, 2002. Copyright (2002) Amer. Soc. Clin. Invest. via Copyright Clearance Center. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.28 Types of lipid anchors for attachment of membrane proteins. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.29 Isoprenoid thioether anchor for attachment of membrane proteins. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.30 Structure of lipid bilayer above and below transition temperature. Figure reproduced with permission from Voet, D., and Voet, J. Biochemistry, 2d ed. New York: Wiley, 1995. Copyright (1995) John Wiley & Sons. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.31 Schematic representation of lipid rafts of membrane. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.32 Diffusion of a solute molecule through a membrane. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.33 Kinetics of movement of a solute molecule through a membrane. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.34 Structure of Ompf porin in a tetragonal crystal form. Cowan, S. W., Garavito, R. M., Jansonius, J. N., Jenkins, J. A. et al. The structure of Ompf porin in a tetragonal crystal form. Structure 3: 1041, 1995. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.35 Simulation of water permeation through AQPI. Figure reproduced with permission from Fujiyoshi, Y., Mitsuoka, K., de Groot, B. L., Philippsen, A. et al. Structure and function of water channels. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 12: 509, 2002. © Elsevier. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.36 Water channel within an AQP1 subunit. Reproduced with permission from Kozono, D., Yasui, M., King, L.S., and Agre, P. Aquaporin water channels: atomic structure and molecular dynamics meet clinical medicine. J. Clin. Invest. 109: 1395, 2002. © Elsevier. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.37 Subunit structure of the voltage-gated Na+ channel. Redrawn from Catterall, W. A., Goldin, A. I., and Waxman, S. G. Internat. Union Pharm. XXXIX. Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Sodium Channels. Pharmacol. Rev. 55: 575, 2003. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.38 Model of the Na+ channel. Redrawn from Noda, M., et al. Nature 320: 188, 1986 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.39 Structure of acetylcholine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.40 Model of acetylcholine (ACh) receptor. Redrawn from Wilson, G. G., and Karlin, A. Acetylcholine receptor channel structure in the resting, open, and desensitized states probed with the substituted-cysteine accessibility method. Proc. Nat.l Acad, Sci.USA 98: 1241, 2001. (b) Reproduced with permission from Miyazawa, A., Fujiyoshi, Y., and Unwin, N. Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore. Nature 423: 949, 2003. Copyright (2003) Nature. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.41 Model for a channel in the gap junction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.42 Molecular organization of recombinant cardiac gap junction. Reprinted from Unger, V. M., Kumar, N. M., Gilula, N. B., and Yeager, M. Science 283: 1176, 1999. With permission from AAAS. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.43 Steps involved in mediated transport across a biological membrane. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.44 Model for a mediated transport system in a biological membrane. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.45 Transport of a substrate through a membrane. Model of protein redrawn from Arkin, I. T., et al. Mechanism of Na+/H+ antiporting. Science 317: 799, 2007. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.46 Uniport, symport, and antiport mechanisms for translocation of substances. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.47 Inhibitors of passive transport of D-glucose in erythrocytes. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.48 Involvement of metabolic energy (ATP) in active mediated transport systems. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.49 Na+ dependent transport of glucose across the plasma membrane by a symport mechanism transport. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.50 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.51 Reproduced with permission from Kaplan, J. H. Biochemistry of Na+, K+-ATPase. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71: 511, 2002. Copyright (2002) Annual Reviews; www.annualreviews.org Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.52 Proposed sequence of reactions and intermediates in hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+/K+ exchanging ATPase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.53 Model for translocation of Na+ and K+ across plasma membrane by the Na+/K+ exchanging ATPase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.54 Structure of ouabain, a cardiotonic steroid, a potent inhibitor of the Na+/K+ exchanging ATPase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.55 Reproduced with permission from Toyoshima, C., and Inesi, G. Structural basis of ion pumping by Ca2ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73: 269, 2004. Copyright (2004) Annual Reviews; www.annualreviews.org. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.56 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.57 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.58 Model of a P-glycoprotein, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.59 Schematic diagram of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a membrane of the ABC transporter family. Redrawn based on a figure in Ko, Y. H., and Pedersen, P. L. Frontiers in research on cystic fibrosis: Understanding its molecular and chemical basis and relationship to the pathogenesis of the disease. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 29: 417, 1997. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.59 Structure of valinomycin-K+ complex. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.61 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.62 Mechanism for ionophoretic activities of valinomycin and nigericin. Diagram adopted from Pressman, B. C, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45: 501, 1976. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 12.63 Action of gramicidin A. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.