LESSON 2 Challenges to Spanish Rule Why does conflict develop? What are the characteristics of a leader?

Growing Unrest in New Spain Why did Mexico want independence from Spain? Life in the early 1800s, was difficult in New Spain. Colonists were excluded from the best jobs. Most went to government administrators. in 1804 the Spanish king seized money and property from colonial churches, this hurt the whole economy. Colonist who had worked for the Roman Catholic Church, lost their jobs because the churches had no money left to pay them. Increasingly, colonial people were beginning to resent the heavy hand of Spanish rule. When the Mexican people declared their independence from Spain, many people began to call for an independent Texas

A Call for Independence September 16, 1810, a priest in Dolores called, for a rebellion against Spanish authorities. Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla cared deeply about the hardworking people of his village and wanted better opportunities for them. His call for an uprising against the Spanish marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.

Challenges to Spanish Rule Why does conflict develop? What are the characteristics of a leader Challenges to Spanish Rule

Vocabulary Write a sentence for each vocabulary word in a text selection. Leave a blank space where the word should be. Switch papers with a partner and complete one another’s sentences with a vocabulary word

Challenges to Spanish Rule Shortly after Father Hidalgo’s revolt began, he was captured and executed for treason. His death inspired many followers who continued to work or liberation, or freedom, from Spanish rule. José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara traveled to Washington, D.C., in 1811 to ask the United States for help. He asking for help (men, money, and supplies). He was told to go to New Orleans. Upon in New Orleans met Lieutenant Augustus Magee, a West Point graduate, resigned from the U.S. Army and who joined Gutiérrez de Lara’s Texas expedition. Magee was made military commander of what was now called the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition.

The Republican Army of the North By August 1812 the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition created the Republican Army of the North. Its soldiers included Tejanos, Native Americans, and white American filibusters. The Republican Army crossed the Sabine River into Texas and captured Nacogdoches without difficulty. Then the army marched to Goliad, gathering new volunteers along the way. The Republican Army captured Goliad however a large Spanish force surrounded Goliad, and for three months the rebel army was under siege. When Magee died American, Samuel Kemper, took command of the troops. By February 1813 the Spanish forces after heavy losses gave up the siege and retreated to San Antonio. Kemper’s forces chased and defeated them in battle in late March. Spanish officials at San Antonio surrendered the city to Republican forces. The leaders issued a declaration of independence for Texas.

Problems -Republican Army leaders. American Mexican Elected government, Texas should be either independent or to join the United States. Government with appointed officials, They also wanted Texas to remain a part of Mexico.

The Battle of Medina In August 1813 the Republican Army battled Spanish forces south of San Antonio near the Medina River. Commanded by General Joaquín de Arredondo (hwah•KEEN day ah•ray•DOHN•doh), the Spanish won a complete victory. Most of the rebels were killed in battle, and others were killed after surrendering. The Spanish also tracked down and killed colonists in San Antonio who had helped the Republican Army. In fear for their own lives, colonists deserted the towns of Goliad and Nacogdoches. A few Republican soldiers escaped capture. Some made their way back to the United States, and others went to Galveston Island. The Spanish crackdown was so brutal that Texas remained Spanish for another seven years.

Identifying What led to conflict within the Republican Army after its victory at San Antonio? The American leaders wanted a government like the United States’ and to be independent of Mexico or to join the United States, while the Mexican leaders wanted a government much like New Spain’s and to remain a part of Mexico.

Pirates, Settlers, and Revolutionaries What was the role of Texas in the fight for independence from Spain? Even after the rebels’ defeat at Medina, the rebellion continued. Some of the rebels gathered on Galveston Island and made plans to carry on the fight against Spanish rule.

Pirates on Galveston Island Galveston Island was an ideal base for operations against the Spanish fleet sailing the Gulf of Mexico. In 1816 rebel leaders declared the port of Galveston to be a part of the Mexican republic. Hiring French pirates to patrol the Gulf waters. Jean Lafitte (one of the pirates) had sided with the United States against Great Britain during the War of 1812. When that conflict ended, he moved to Galveston Island, claiming to support Mexican independence. At times Lafitte’s pirates attacked American ships until the U.S. Navy put a stop to it. In 1820 Lafitte abandoned Galveston Island and sailed southward along the Mexican coast. According to legend, Lafitte buried a treasure of gold and silver on one of the islands along the Gulf Coast, but the treasure has never been found.

French Settlers on the Trinity River While Lafitte occupied Galveston Island, French colonists tried to start a colony on the Trinity River near present-day Liberty. Fearing attack from the Spanish, the colony was abandoned in July 1818.

James Long’s Expedition James Long of Natchez, Mississippi, and others were angry because the United States had given up all claims to Texas in the Adams-Onís Treaty. In 1819, Long led 300 rebels into Texas and easily captured the nearly deserted town of Nacogdoches. The group declared Texas a free and independent republic, and they elected James Long as its president. While Long was away in Galveston, Spanish troops attacked Long’s forces in East Texas, killing many, including James Long’s brother, David. Long returned to New Orleans for more recruits and a new plan to invade Texas by sea. His forces landed at Point Bolivar on Galveston Bay. Then in the fall of 1821, they moved along the coast to the San Jacinto River and inland to capture Goliad. The Spanish surrounded and captured Long’s forces. Long was taken to Mexico City, where he was shot and killed six months later by a guard.

Identifying Whom did the revolutionaries choose as the commander of Galveston? French pirate Louis Michel Aury

Lesson 2 Review 1. Use the word republic in a sentence to demonstrate understanding of its meaning. 2. Explaining Why did members of the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition go to Galveston Island? 3. Summarizing What were the results of James Long’s expedition? 4. Explaining Why did the French settlers leave the fort near Trinity River? 5. EXPOSITORY WRITING Write a paragraph explaining the Spanish reaction to French settlers on the Trinity River.