Mining

How did First nation’s people use minerals Stone arrowheads Clay Used to make dyes Soapstone carvings Copper Spear heads Bracelets Knives

Indigenous People’s Perspectives on Nature and the environment People gave thanks to Mother Nature Indigenous People are caretakers of Mother Earth Connection to The Spirit That Lives in All Things Understanding of taking only what is needed

mining in ……

Metallic minerals in Manitoba 11.1% of Canada’s NICKEL 6.1% of Canadas COPPER 34.7%of Canada’s ZINC 2% of Canada’s GOLD 100% of Canada’s CESIUM 9.8% of Canada’s SILVER $ 2.3 Billion in profits

Copper, Zinc, Gold, Silver Mining in Manitoba Flin Flon Thompson Wabowden Bisset Lac du Bonnet Snow Lake Copper, Zinc Copper, Nickel Nickel Gold Cesium Copper, Zinc, Gold, Silver

Non-Metallic minerals Faulkner Harcus Hargrave Mafeking Limestone, Lime Gypsum Sodium Chlorate Limestone

Materials Mined In Canada Gold Iron ore Copper Nickel Silver Cesium Aluminum Tungsten Cobalt Stone Cement POTASH Coal Diamonds Sand and Gravel Sulfur

Top producers of minerals Mined around the World Canada- Potash Kazakhstan- Uranium Congo- Cobalt China- Aluminum China- Tungsten South Africa- Platinum China- Sulphur South Africa- Titanium Russia- diamonds Philippines- Nickel China- Salt China- Cadmium China- Gold Chile- Copper Mexico- Silver

Mining Process Exploration Trying to locate resources while trying to limit disturbance to the ground and environment

Mining Process Extraction Most metals are located at least 2km below ground Material is dug out of the ground

Mining Process Smelting and refining Using heat and/ or chemicals to separate raw materials from rock

Tailings Leftover waste rock and chemicals from mining Deposited into large ponds Tailings dams can fail causing the contaminated water to spill out Contaminates water, wetlands and can kill wildlife

Slag Produced when smelting and refining metals Can contain toxic elements Arsenic Lead Cadmium barium Weathering can pollute surface and ground water

Negative impacts Mount Polley tailings dam BC 4 square km tailings pond from copper mine spilled into nearby lake Toxic materials like selenium and arsenic were found in the lake Mercury and cyanide pollution Air bourn pollution Land claims disputes between companies and first nations people Different laws regarding consultations

Ways to be more sustainable Exploration GPS surveying 3D data mapping Air mapping Extraction Automated equipment Robots

Ways to be more sustainable Smelting and refining Aim to extract the most metal using the least amount of energy and produce the fewest emissions possible Baghouses and electrostatic precipitators as ways of reducing air pollution Energy Consumption Use renewable energy Wind turbines

Environmental stewardship Regulation Resource management Mines opened today must have financial assurance that it can be reclaimed Mine closure plans must be prepared and accepted by government authorities before mine construction begins TSMs- Towards Sustainable Mining initiatives Releases of mercury, nickel, and copper have dropped more than 99%

Positive Impacts for First Nation’s people Provides jobs Mining sites are close to First nation’s communities Community benefit agreements Resource and payment sharing

Negative Aspects for First Nation’s People Contamination near communities reduces air and water quality Lead Mercury Cadmium Reduces animals in the area for hunting and fishing

Canada’s Involvement With other countries Canadian companies have agreements to mine in Africa 12 countries Iron ore, diamonds, platinum, uranium, copper, coal Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Dominican Republic Challenges Projects need to develop in a way to help foreign countries and communities to benefit Need to have environmental stewardship Needs to be safe for workers