Biological Macromolecules Carbon Compounds Biological Macromolecules

Organic Compounds contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to other atoms covalent bond = sharing electrons has an entire branch of chemistry devoted to it called Organic Chemistry makes up most matter in your body that is not water

Carbon Bonds Crash Course (YouTube) Carbon is a Tramp (See Time 01:46)

Carbon Bonds carbon has 4 valence electrons – so it can form 4 bonds

Carbon Bonds carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 bonds typically bonds with H, O, P, S, & N

Carbon Bonds cyclohexane hexane bonds to itself to form single, double, and triple bonds in chains can be almost unlimited in length and can form rings cyclohexane hexane

Macromolecules a large molecule made from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules

Monomers single molecule able to bond in long chains

Polymers many monomers joined together to form a macromolecule

So many words...that mostly mean the same thing… carbon compounds = organic compounds macromolecules polymers

Macromolecules 4 types that are key to all living things: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and, Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates contain C, H, and O oriented in a carbon ring divided into two categories – simple and complex

Carbohydrates CrashCourse (YouTube) Carbohydrates (see Time 03:42)

Simple Carbohydrates simple carbohydrates are sugars two types – monosaccharides and disaccharides

Simple Carbohydrates Organic Uses sugars are used for immediate, short term energy should be obtained from food like vegetables, fruit, and milk because they contain fiber, vitamins, and important minerals like calcium

Carbohydrate Monomer Monosaccharide = one sugar = made of 1 Ring many monosaccharides can be bonded together glucose (juice, sweets), fructose (fruit), and galactose

Two Part Sugars Disaccharide = 2 sugars = made of 2 rings bonded together formed when two monosaccharides bond together maltose (malts), sucrose (table sugar), and lactose (dairy)

Complex Carbohydrates large carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides

Complex Carbs Polysaccharide = many sugars = made of many rings bonded together formed when many monosaccharides bond together

Organic Uses of Complex Carbs many different functions based on structure Long(er) term energy build some biological structures – Ex: plant parts provide a small amount of energy storage

Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses Starch complex carbohydrate made by plants for energy storage provides humans with long term energy when eaten should be eaten the MOST of any food for energy

Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses Cellulose complex carbohydrate made by plants to build cell walls

Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses Fiber group of many types of complex carbohydrates (including cellulose) also known as roughage indigestible form of many carbohydrates help clean out our digestive system

Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses Glycogen complex carbohydrate made by animals to store a small amount of energy in the liver

Lipids large C-H molecules with some O that are not soluble in water lipids are nonpolar should eat less lipids than carbohydrates foods high in lipids are high in calories and often low in other nutrients

Lipid Monomer made up of fatty acids combined with a glycerol molecule

Lipids CrashCourse (YouTube) Lipids (See Time 07:02)

Organic Uses of Lipids long term energy storage producing waterproof structures like cell membranes and wax hormones (ex: estrogen) to send chemical messages in blood absorbing some vitamins

Common Types of Lipids Fats Oils Steroids Waxes

Saturated Fats lipids containing carbon chains that have no double bonds generally solids at room temperature bad for health because they can become packed very tightly in blood vessels

Unsaturated Fats carbon chains that have at least one double bond generally liquid at room temperature Polyunsaturated unsaturated fats with more than 1 double bond

Comparing Fats

Trans Fats

Trans Fats naturally unsaturated fatty acids that have been saturated artificially by the addition of hydrogen atoms

Trans Fats used to extend shelf life of food and to enhance food flavor, etc., but at a dangerous price………. coronary heart disease liver dysfunction

Proteins contain N along with C, H, and O made up of chains of amino acids amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)

Peptide Bonds amino acids link together by peptide bonds a special type of covalent bond

Proteins CrashCourse (YouTube) Proteins (See Time 10:42)

Polypeptide Chains short chains of amino acids long chains of amino acids then fold into compact shapes

How many types of amino acids are found in nature? 20 different amino acids found in nature

Amino Acids Nonessential amino acids Essential amino acids can be made by our bodies Essential amino acids we must eat them to get them

Proteins in our bodies proteins make up the second biggest portion of our body weight we should eat proteins less than carbohydrates our bodies can make many amino acids

Proteins in our bodies genes (DNA) code for how to make proteins proteins determine what we look like and how our bodies work

Organic Uses of Proteins make up body structures like muscles, skin, and fingernails hormones (ex: insulin) enzymes (which speed up chemical reactions)

Nucleic Acids contain H, O, N, C, and P made up of nucleotides a sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group

Nucleic Acids Two Types of Nucleic Acids are DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

DNA subunits come together to form a Double Helix (twisted ladder)

DNA stores genetic information and codes for making your bodies’ proteins

RNA a copy of DNA that carries a message (code) through the cell the code is then used to build proteins

Summary Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all polymers. Why is a polymer like a chain?