B_3 Energy B-3.1-3 Standard: B-3 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems. B-3.1-3 Chapter 4

B-3.3: Usable Energy / ATP (sec 4.1) Explain the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph. What is the function of respiration? What is ATP? Create a “T” chart to compare ATP and ADP: Draw and label a molecule of ATP

Characteristic of Life: Obtain and Use Energy Obtain Energy Autotrophs (ex: plants) – produce food Photosynthesis – use solar energy to make glucose Chemosynthesis – use energy from inorganic chemical rxns Heterotrophs (ex:animals) - consume food Usable Energy All living things use Respiration to break food (carbohydrates/lipids) down into usable energy (ATP – adenosine triphosphate – FUELS CELL) Carbohydrate can yield 36 ATP per gram Lipids can yield 146 ATP per gram Protein same as carbs but they are needed more to make new proteins

ATP vs ADP ATP Adenosine Triphosphate High-energy molecule 3 phosphates ATP carries energy, like a charged battery Energy released when phosphate is removed Turns into becomes ADP (dead battery) ADP Adenosine Diphosphate Low-energy molecule 2 phosphates ADP is like a dead (uncharged) battery Absorbs energy when phosphate is added Turns into ATP (charged battery)

brooklyn.cuny.edu

B-3.1: Photosynthesis (sec 4.2) What is the purpose of photosynthesis? What organelle carries out photosynthesis? What is the equation for photosynthesis? What is produced during the Light stage of photosynthesis? What is produced during the Dark stage of photosynthesis?

Overview: Photosynthesis How plants make food? Photosynthesis Uses solar energy to make chemical energy (FOOD) Autotrophs – producers CHLOROPLAST (organelle) Photosynthetic organelle which contains Chlorophyll (pigment that absorbs light) Chemical EQUATION CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 REACTANTS: carbon dioxide, water PRODUCTS: glucose, oxygen Solar energy converts carbon dioxide and water and into FOOD (glucose) and oxygen

sustainability.psa-peugeot-citroen.com

Stage 1 Light-Dependent Solar Energy absorbed (requires sunlight) Water (H2O) broken down… ATP / NADPH (high energy molecules) produced Products: Oxygen (waste product) ATP and NADPH (energy for stage 2)

Stage 2 Light-Independent (DARK) No sunlight required CO2 enters Calvin Cycle to make glucose Energy from stage 1 (ATP/NADPH) fuel Calvin cycle Products Glucose (C6H12O6 ) – chemical energy/ food ADP and NADP+ - low energy (uncharged battery)

1mkturin.wordpress.com VIDEO (7min) http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8475-the-chemistry-of-life-atp-video.htm

1mkturin.wordpress.com VIDEO (7min) http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8475-the-chemistry-of-life-atp-video.htm

B-3.2: Cell Respiration (sec 4.5,6) Make a “T” chart comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration. What is the equation for aerobic respiration? What is glycolysis? Which stages take place in the mitochondria? Explain examples of… Alcohol fermentation Lactic acid fermentation

Overview: Respiration How all living things obtain ATP? Plants and Animals use (cellular) respiration to break down FOOD into usable energy (ATP) to fuel their cells. Fermentation-Anaerobic only makes 2 ATP Cell Respiration-Aerobic makes 36 ATP MITOCHONDRIA (organelle) Aerobic cell respiration occurs when oxygen is present – energy generator! Chemical EQUATION: 02 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP REACTANTS: oxygen, glucose (food) PRODUCTS: carbon dioxide, water, ENERGY Break down of food to produce ENERGY

Photosynthesis vs Cell respiration Produces FOOD Breaks FOOD down unknown source

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Requires OXYGEN CELL RESPIRATION Stages Glycolysis Kreb Cycle Electron Transport Produces: Water CO2 36 molecules of ATP No OXYGEN present FERMENTATION Stages Glycolysis Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation OR Lactic Acid Fermentation Produces: Ethyl Alcohol or Lactic Acid CO2 Only 2 molecules of ATP

STAGES: Cellular Respiration (aerobic) Aerobic – when Oxygen is present! 02 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP 1. Glycolysis (anaerobic… does not use O2) Break down of glucose Glucose → PYRUVIC ACID + 2 ATP Location: Cytoplasm (fluid space of cell) 2. Kreb Cycle (aerobic) Pyruvic Acid → CO2 + 2 ATP Location: MITOCHONDRIA 3. Electron Transport Chain (aerobic) H2 + O2 → WATER (H2O) + 32 ATP

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/celres.html

STAGES: Fermentation (anaerobic) PURPOSE: Breaks down food for ENERGY w/out oxygen GLYCOLYSIS (anaerobic… does not use O2) Glucose → PYRUVIC ACID + 2 ATP Location: Cytoplasm (fluid space of cell) FERMENTATION (no OXYGEN)... (cytoplasm) LACTIC ACID: Pyruvic Acid → Lactic Acid + CO2 EX: produced by muscles during exercise; oxygen debt… this causes muscle fatigue & soreness… ETHYL ALCOHOL: Pyruvic Acid → Ethyl Alcohol + CO2 EX: produced by yeast; baking & brewing

http://iws.collin.edu/biopage/faculty/mcculloch/1406/outlines/chapter%209/chap09.htm

http://imcurious.wikispaces.com/Midterm+Exam+2010+Review+P2