Introduction ET2008 Sistem Embedded

References Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques by Arnold S. Berger ISBN: 1578200733 CMP Books © 2002 Making Embedded Systems: Design Patterns for Great Software, Elecia White,O'Reilly Media, 2011 E. A. Lee and S. A. Seshia, Introduction to Embedded Systems - A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach, Second Edition, MIT Press, 2017

Course requirements Some familiarity with C, assembly, and basic digital circuits is helpful but it’s not necessary You have enough logic background to understand ANDs and Ors ->you are prepared for the circuit content In short, anyone who’s had a few college-level programming courses, or equivalent experience, should be comfortable with the class

What class has to offer The Embedded Design Life Cycle The Selection Process The Partitioning Decision The Development Environment Special Software Techniques A Basic Toolset BDM, JTAG, and Nexus The ICE — An Integrated Solution Testing

What is Embedded System?

What is Embedded System? #1: An embedded system is a computerized system that is purpose built for its application #2: A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine

Why Embedded Systems Are Different

Embedded systems are dedicated to specific tasks X Whereas PCs are generic computing platforms

X

Embedded systems are supported by a wide array of processors and processor architectures

Embedded systems are usually cost sensitive The cost that you must consider most of the time is system cost (not only cost of the processor) Eliminate a printed circuit board and connectors Using a highly integrated microcontroller (vs microprocessor + separate peripheral devices) -> Smaller power supply

Embedded systems have real-time constraints X Real-time constraints Time- sensitive constraints A time-sensitive task can die gracefully Time-critical constraints It must take place within a set window of time, or the function controlled by that task fails

If an embedded system is using an operating system -> most likely using an RTOS (Real Time Operating System)

The implications of software failure are much more severe in embedded systems than in desktop systems Software failure is far less tolerable in an embedded system than in your average desktop PC. Most embedded systems typically contain some mechanism, such as a watchdog timer, to bring it back to life if the software loses control

Embedded systems have power constraints X Power constraints impact every aspect of the system design decisions Affect the processor choice, its speed, and its memory architecture likely determine whether the software must be written in assembly language, rather than C or C++, because the absolute maximum performance must be achieved within the power budget Power requirements are dictated by the CPU clock speed and the number of active electronic components (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O devices, and so on). Thus, from the perspective of the software designer, the power constraints could become the dominant system constraint, dictating the choice of software tools, memory size, and performance headroom.

Embedded systems must operate under extreme environmental conditions It’s everywhere-> in aircraft, in the polar ice, in outer space, in the trunk of a black Jeep in Bromo The environmental concerns often overlap other concerns, such as power requirements Unfortunately, the environmental constraints are often left to the very end of the project, when the product is in testing and the hardware designer discovers that the product is exceeding its thermal budget.

Embedded systems have far fewer system resources than desktop systems

Embedded systems store all their object code in ROM Most embedded systems must have all their code in ROM There are severe limitations might be imposed on the size of the code image that will fit in the ROM space

Embedded systems require specialized tools and methods to be efficiently designed

Embedded microprocessors often have dedicated debugging circuitry

Applications Areas

Application Areas • TV • stereo • remote control • phone / mobile phone • refrigerator • microwave • washing machine • electric tooth brush • oven / rice or bread cooker • watch • alarm clock • electronic musical instruments • electronic toys (stuffed animals,handheld toys, pinballs, etc.) • medical home equipment (e.g. blood pressure, thermometer) • … • [PDAs?? More like standard computer system] Consumer Products

Application Areas Medical Systems Office Equipment Tools Banking pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems, intensive care units, … Office Equipment printer, copier, fax, … Tools multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, … Banking ATMs, statement printers, … Transportation (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats) radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …

Application Areas Automobiles Building Systems Agriculture Space engine management, trip computer, cruise control, immobilizer, car alarm, airbag, ABS, ESP, … Building Systems elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries, locks, alarm systems, … Agriculture feeding systems, milking systems, … Space satellite systems, …

Application Areas Facts: 1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers 1997: The average U.S. household has over 10 embedded computers (source: www.it.dtu.dk/~jan) 1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers (source: Frautschi, www.caliberlearning.com) 2001: The Volvo S80 has 18 embedded controllers and 2 busses (source: Volvo)

Automobiles