Dr. Afxendiou AP World History 9 Sachem North High School Chapter 20: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade Dr. Afxendiou AP World History 9 Sachem North High School

Slave Exports from Africa, 1500-1900 (in 1000) 1500-1600 (%) 1600-1700(%) 1700-1800 (%) 1800-1900 (%) Total Red Sea 200 (17) 200 (7) 200 (3) 450 (8) 1050 (6) Trans-Sahara 550 (47) 700 (24) 700 (9) 1200 (22) 3150 (19) East Africa and Indian Ocean 100 (9) 100 (4) 400 (5) 442 (8) 1042 (6) Trans-Atlantic 325 (28) 1868 (65) 6133 (83) 3330 (61) 11, 656 (69) 16,898

Estimated Slave Imports into the Americas by Importing Region, 1519-1866 Region and Country Slaves Brazil 3,902,000 British Caribbean 2,238,200 Spanish America 1,267,800 French Caribbean 1,092,600 Guianas 403,700 British North America 361,100 Dutch Caribbean 129,700 Danish Caribbean 73,100 9,468,200

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Origins of the trans-Atlantic Slave Trade begins with the Age of Exploration – the Portuguese, not Columbus Portuguese explore west coast of Africa, looking for Asia Most forts were established with the approval of African authorities desiring trade benefits The Portuguese continued southward to Mozambique Island Adopted from Barbara Anderson, African Studies Center, UNC-Chapel Hill

European Invasion and Occupation of the Americas 1441 Portuguese in West Africa 1492 Columbus 1498 Vasco de Gama 1500 Cabral to Brazil 1542 only African slaves in Spanish colonies

Why did the Europeans need slaves?

WHY DID THE EUROPEANS NEED SLAVES? Sugar, tobacco, gold and silver MINING AND CASH CROP PRODUCTION The development of sugar plantations on the Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic islands and their subsequent extension to the Americas was a main reason for slavery.

SLAVE EXPORTS FROM AFRICA 1450-1600 376,000 3.1% 1601-1700 1,868,000 16.0 1701-1800 6,133,000 52.4** 1801-1900 3,330,000 28.5 Total 11,698,000 **This is also the century that most Americans can trace their African ancestors to.

Triangular trade–Commercial pattern linking Africa, Americas & Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa

Explain the function of the Middle Passage.

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE 1450-1850 18th century 12 million Africans sent across Atlantic 10-11 survive 18th century Height of trade 80 percent of total trade during this century Primarily young men for hard labor The continued high volume was necessary because of high slave mortality and low fertility

Slave Ship Interior Middle Passage –slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience

“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

Who else was involved in the slave trade with Africa historically?

Other slave trades existed under Muslim control - Trans-Saharan, Red Sea, East Africa 3 million slaves traded Saharan trade - mostly women

WITH THE SLAVE TRADE Missionary efforts followed the initial Portuguese slave activities, particularly to the powerful states of Benin and the Kongo (Congo) Other Europeans followed Portuguese patterns by creating trading stations through agreement with Africans

Who were the major European players in the West African Slave trade?

Organization of the Trade Portuguese dominate first to 1630 Dutch Seize El Mina, 1630 Rival Portuguese English Slave trade from 1660s French 18th century Dahomey(Kingdom) Royal monopoly on flow of slaves

AFRICAN SOCIETIES, SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE Slavery has existed in both complex and simpler societies from the earliest times Africans did not sell their own people to the Europeans – they sold prisoners of war and other outsiders

Identify an African state involved in the slave trade and explain their involvement

AFRICAN STATES Asante and Dahomey most important states that developed during the slave trade era THE GOLD COAST

ASANTE (ASHANTI) Akan people Empire made up of 20 small states Matrilineal clans After 1650 they gained firearms which gave them an advantage over other groups They created a centralized political system around the asantehene Militarism increased and they began conquest of their area – expansion of empire By 1700 the Dutch are trading with Asante empire Control of gold producing zones and a constant supply of prisoners to be sold for slaves allowed the Asante to maintain power until the 1820s.

BENIN Also in West Africa 1516 the ruler, the oba, limited the slave trade Trade with Europeans centered on pepper, textiles and ivory Revived in 18th century under pressure but it was never the primary source of income for the state.

DAHOMEY Emerged as a power in the 17th century Access to firearms in 1720s allowed rulers to create a brutal regime based on the slave trade. Slave trade controlled by the royal court Armies used to raid for captives for slave market Continued the slave trade into the 19th century

EAST AFRICA AND THE SUDAN Swahili trading towns – send ivory, gold and slaves to the Middle East Luo dynasties develop in the great lakes area New Islamization in the northern savanna area – Sufi movements affect region

WHITE SETTLERS AND AFRICANS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 16th Century- Bantu-speaking peoples occupied eastern regions of southern Africa. Agriculture, herding, work with iron and copper 1652- Cape of Good Hope established as a Dutch colony for ships sailing to Asia Depended on slave labor brought from Asia, Indonesia but then used African labor Competition and warfare with indigenous Africans By 1800: 17,000 settlers, 26,000 slaves

Mfecane and Zulu Rise to Power 1795- Great Britain seized Cape Colony 1815- Under formal British control Nguni people: occupied lands in southern and eastern Africa Shaka Zulu: Nguni leader and military tactician who began African unification process in 1818 New military and political organization (organized by lineage and age) Absorbed and destroyed neighbors

Mfecane and Zulu Rise to Power Mfecane- “wars of crushing and wandering,” whole southern continent thrown into turmoil Zulu Wars of 1870’s: Zulu power crushed by Great Britain

African Diaspora African Diaspora: dispersion of Africans across the globe; accomplished primarily by the slave trade and introduction of Africans into world economy Slavery meant destruction of villages, capture in war, forced march to trading town, separation from family (1/3 died in this journey)

American Slave Societies Comprised of African-born saltwater slaves (black) and Creole slaves (American-born descendants, some of whom were mulattos as result of sexual exploitation of slave women and other racial mixings) Hierarchy of slaves by slaveholders (Creoles and mulattos given more opportunities to acquire skilled jobs, such as house-hold servants) Some African nobles and religious leaders still exercised authority within African community Compositions of slave-based societies

The People and Gods in Exile Family formation was difficult for slaves Families may be separated at any time Male to female ratio sometimes 3:1 Religion - continuity and adaptation Conversion to Catholicism by Spaniards and Portuguese African religion did not die out and continued despite attempts by slave owners to suppress them Often Christianity and African religions were fused

The People and Gods in Exile Resistance and rebellion Palmares: runaway slave kingdom in 17th c. Brazil that resisted Portuguese and Dutch attempts to destroy it for 100 years Suriname: large numbers of slaves ran off in this plantation colony in 18th c. and waged war against captors

What brought about the end of the slave trade?

The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery End of Atlantic slave trade and abolition of slavery around 19th century Economic, political and religious changes are occurring in Europe and the colonies Opponents of slavery and brutality of trade appeared into the mid-18th century Appearing in relation to Enlightenment thinkers Now seen as backward and Immoral, symbol of inhumanity and cruelty

The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery 1807- British slave trade was abolished with help of abolitionists like John Wesley and William Wilberforce 1888- Brazilian slave trade was abolished