The Protestant Reformation What is it? A time period in which people protested against the Catholic Church for Corruption Abuses People broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own sects Led to the formation of Protestantism

Martin Luther Leads the Reformation Causes of the Reformation Criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) Popes spent a lot of $$$, one fathered children Priest and monks were uneducated, drank, and married The RCC was corrupt and everyone knew it

Martin Luther German priest and monk Leader of the Protestant Reformation Disagreed with Church policy The practice of selling indulgences The power of the Pope Achievement of salvation Wanted to clean up rampant Church corruption

What is an indulgence? It removes all or part of the punishment that is due for sin Many preachers claimed indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation Martin Luther was vehemently against the practice of selling indulgences

The 95 Theses Written by Luther in 1517 Described his views on The selling of indulgences Church abuses Posted on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg (present-day Germany) Most important church of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

Response from the Church Pope Leo X demanded Luther recant Faced excommunication Luther refused to recant, and was excommunicated HRE Emperor Charles V also opposed Luther Called Luther to the Diet of Worms (General Assembly of the HRE) in 1521 Pressured Luther to recant Luther refused to recant his views

Edict of Worms Consequences for Luther Declared an outlaw in the HRE His literature was banned, and he could be killed “without legal consequence” Excommunicated by the Catholic Church Luther secretly returns to Wittenberg (1522) Many northern princes support Luther (Protestants) A way to break from HRE and claim own land German civil war ensues

German Civil War (1547-1555) Catholics vs. Protestants Ended with the Peace of Augsburg Each German prince could choose own religion Northern provinces remained Protestant Southern provinces stayed Catholic Protestantism spread throughout northern Europe Luther gained many followers

Martin Luther Followers became known as Protestants His Teachings Specifically “Lutherans” His Teachings Salvation through faith alone Teachings should come straight from Bible Pope and many church traditions were false All people with faith are equal Became the foundation of Protestantism

The English Reformation England was a Catholic nation King Henry VIII was known as “Defender of the Faith” He also wanted a son to pass his kingdom Thought the country would dive into civil war without an heir His wife could only bare one daughter – Mary

King Henry VIII rebels King Henry VIII asks the Pope for an annulment of their marriage Pope refuses the request (for political reasons) King Henry VIII responds by calling Parliament Act of Supremacy (1534) The King of England replaces the Pope as head of the Church of England

Consequences of the English Reformation Henry is able to annul his own marriage Marries 7 times in total Has three children - Mary, Edward, & Elizabeth King Henry rules as a Protestant King Official religion becomes Protestantism Church officials are jailed, Churches converted Catholicism is outlawed

After King Henry VIII England saw a series of religious problems following King Henry VIII Each of Henry’s children ruled according to their own religious beliefs Edward VI ruled as a strict Protestant, then Mary I who was a very religious Catholic, then Elizabeth, who was Protestant

Queen Elizabeth I Had very moderate religious views Established the Anglican Church Sought to appease both sides Allowed more religious freedom