Heterotrophic nutrition The taking in of materials an preparing for their use. It is the process by which organisms obtain food needed for growth, repair, energy and regulation. This includes digestion, absorption, utilization by cell respiration and egestion.

Nutrition’s 3 processes Ingestion: The taking in of food Digestion: the breaking down of large molcules that are insoluble (to large to pass through the C.M.) into small soluble molecules 1. Extracellular digestion- occurs outside the cells of the organism (specialized digestive system). 2. Intracellular digestion – digestion that takes place in a food vacuole (utilizes lysosomes) In both cases, the end products of digestion (small and soluble) will pass into the cells by diffusion through the membrane.

Digestion 2 changes occur Physical – results from the physical breakdown (chewing) of food. ***results in an increase in surface area S.A. Chemical – foods are broken down using chemicals (Enzymes) and results in end products that are small and soluble!

Changing of the molecule size Large Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Heterotrophic Simple sugars (Monosaccharides) Fatty acids and glycerol Amino Acids Enzymatic Hydrolysis: 1. Hydrolysis – the chemical breakdown of molecules 2. using enzymes ****Also known as DIGESTION!!!! Egestion – the removal of the undigested materials (cell walls of plants)

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 1. FUNGI Fungi live on or in their food supply (a living organism of the decaying remains of an organism) Adaptations for absorbing nutients They have a body of filaments called rhizoids that secrete digestive enzymes (extracellular digestion) Then they absorb the nutrients

FUNGI (Mushrooms, yeast)

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 2. Amoeba Ingestion: uses extensions of their cytoplasm (Pseudopods – false foot) to engulf their food by a process known as PHAGOCYTOSIS Digestion: digestion and absorption take place in the food vacuole when in contact with the lysosome (Intracellular) The food vacuole moves throughout the cytoplasm by a process called CYCLOSIS- Cytoplasmic streaming) Egestion: through the cell membrane

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 3. Paramecium Ingestion: uses the motion of the cilia to ingest the food through a fixed opening (Oral Groove) Digestion: a food vacuole forms at the base of the oral groove F.V. moves throughout the organism by Cyclosis and comes in contact with a Lysosome (Intracellular) Egestion – through an opening called the anal pore

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 3. Paramecium

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 4. Hydra Ingestion: uses tentacles and stinger cells to ingest their food through the mouth Digestion: Extracellular: specialized digestive cells in he lining of the upper gastrovascualr cavity secrete digestive enzymes- reults in an increase of S.A. Intracellular – takes place deep in the GV cavity by the use of cells with pseudopods Egestion – through the mouthan opening called the anal pore

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 4. Hydra

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 5. Earthworm Ingestion: uses its mouth and Pharynx to suck in food Digestion: Crop – storage of food Gizzard - muscular pouch that grinds the food (Mechanical digestion – to increase Surface Area S.A.) Intestines –Extracellular digestion of the food using specialized digestive cells that secrete digestive enzymes- results in an increase of S.A. Typhlosole – structure in the intestines that increases Surface area for max absorption of nutrients Egestion : Anus – egestion of undigested materials (feces)

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 5. Earthworm

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 5. Earthworm Typhlosole

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 6. Grasshopper Ingestion: uses its mouth and specialized mouth parts to cut food Salivary glands secrete digestive enzymes (Chemical digestion) Digestion: Crop – storage of food Gizzard - muscular pouch that grinds the food (Mechanical digestion – to increase Surface Area S.A.) Stomach–Extracellular Chemical digestion of the food using digestive enzymes from the Gastric Ceaca Gastric Ceaca – Specialized gland located between the gizzard and stomach Intestines – completes chemical digestion and absorption Egestion : Anus – egestion of undigested materials (feces)

Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition 6. Grasshopper