Unit 4 Perception Perception pt. 2 http://www.psychologie.tu-dresden.de/i1/kaw/diverses%20Material/www.illusionworks.com/index.html Unit 4 Perception Perception pt. 2 http://www.eyetricks.com/scary_optical_illusion2.htm

Perception a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORoTCBrCKIQ Perceptual set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

Stare at the black dot in the middle Stare at the black dot in the middle. You should see the outer edges of the circle fade away!  Troxler’s fading It occurs because even if our eyes move a little when we are fixating a point, away from that point, in the perception field, the movements aren’t large enough to observe other elements; in conclusion the neurons remain focused on the main object and our visual system doesn’t involve new ones for the other elements.

Are the red lines parallel? http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/ Chapter 8 Are the red lines parallel?

http://www.thedesignwork.com/65-amazing-optical-illusion-pictures/

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/col_lilacChaser/index.html

What influences our perceptions?

Sensation & Perception 1/11/2019 'lateral inhibition' - the term used to describe the complex way in which the cells on the back of the retina respond to areas of black and white. There is, however, little point in explaining the theory. Why? Because a few years ago it was shown to be completely untrue, and thus the explanation for the illusion remains a mystery... Figure 3.28 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©2001 Prentice Hall

Auditory Illusions http://www.appsychology.com/appsychPP/appsychology/Perceptual%20sounds/matchbox.mp3 http://www.appsychology.com/appsychPP/appsychology/Perceptual%20sounds/Phantom_Words.mp3 If the sounds do not work click here for link.

Sensation & Perception 1/11/2019 Perceptual Organization Gestalt Laws of Grouping Proximity Seeing 3 pair of lines in A Similarity Seeing columns of orange and red dots in B Continuity Seeing lines that connect 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C Closure Seeing a horse in D Figure 3.23 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ©2001 Prentice Hall

Continuity Continuation – Leads the eye along a path. The principles of continuation is used to lead the viewers attention to a certain area or to connect an object to a specific action

Closure – The eyes fill in the missing gaps to make the image/object whole.

Proximity Continuation – Leads the eye along a path. The principles of continuation is used to lead the viewers attention to a certain area or to connect an object to a specific action

Binocular Cues: Depth cues such as retinal disparity that depends on the use of two eyes. Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two index fingers when pointing them towards each other half an inch apart and about 5 inches directly in front of your eyes. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.

Monocular Cues Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away. OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how monocular cues differ from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth.

Monocular Cues Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer. Rene Magritte, The Blank Signature, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington. Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon. Photo by Richard Carafelli.

Monocular Cues Relative Clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp and clear.

Monocular Cues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF883bR782g Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF883bR782g

Monocular Cues Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. © The New Yorker Collection, 2002, Jack Ziegler from cartoonbank.com. All rights reserved.

Perceptual Constancy Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size. OBJECTIVE 9| Explain the importance of perceptual constancy. Shape Constancy

Size-Distance Relationship Size Constancy: The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of distance cues. Alan Choisnet/ The Image Bank From Shepard, 1990

Perceptual Constancies Size Constancy: Alan Choisnet/ The Image Bank From Shepard, 1990

Context instilled by culture also alters perception. Cultural Context Context instilled by culture also alters perception. To an East African, the woman sitting is balancing a metal box on her head, while the family is sitting under a tree.

Claims of ESP Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire. Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death.