Classification Grouping Like Organisms

Objectives & Vocabulary Understand the need for a universally accepted naming system Know Binomial Nomenclature Know the Seven Levels of Taxonomy and their relationships to each other (simple to complex) Vocabulary: Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Finding Order in Diversity 1.5 million species identified 2-100 million species not discovered yet To keep track of all this diversity, scientists have an organized naming system

Finding Order in Diversity Taxonomy –science of classifying organisms and giving each one a universally accepted name Why do you think it should be universally accepted? What am I called?

Assigning Scientific Names By the 18th century, European scientists knew they needed a universal system. - Scientists communicate their findings in Latin and Greek, even today!

Early Efforts At Naming The first attempt at standard scientific names described the physical characteristics of that organism Example: “Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and no teeth around their edges.” Why is this a problem? too long! people choose different physical characteristics

Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist Gave us our current naming system “Binomial Nomenclature” System where each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Binomial Nomenclature Common Name: Cat Scientific Name: Felis domesticus Genus species What do you notice about how the scientific name is written? First word capitalized Both words italicized

Scientific Names Species often describes an important trait of that organism or where it lives Genus (plural is genera) is a group of closely related species Common Name: Grizzly Common Name: Polar Bear Scientific Name: Ursus arctos Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus

Linnaeus’s System of Classification Hierarchal  consists of levels Each level is called a taxon (plural = taxa) From largest to smallest: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species How can I remember this? King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

5 Kingdoms of Living Things From simplest to most complex: Monera (Bacteria) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Linnaeus’s System of Classification Grizzly and Polar Bears put them in the same genus. What about the Panda Bear? Grizzly Bear Polar Bear Panda Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus ** He has enough differences from the other two species that he has been placed in a separate genus

Relationships Between Groups Genera that share many similarities (like the 3 bears) are grouped into a larger category, Family Example Family: Ursidae KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Relationships Between Groups Families who share similar traits are grouped into a broader category, Order. Example Order: Carnivora KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Relationships Between Groups What do you think similar orders are grouped into? Class! Carnivora is placed in the class mammalia What is a mammal? Body hair - Produce milk for young -Warm Blooded KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Relationships Between Groups Several classes make up a Phylum Plural of phylum = phyla Example: Class Mammalia is grouped with: Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia & All classes of fishes into phylum Chordata (have dorsal hollow nerve cord/muscular tail) KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Relationships Between Groups All phyla with common characteristics in the broadest group: Kingdom Ex: All animals are in the kingdom Animalia Originally Linnaeus named only two kingdoms (Animalia & Plantae) but with new discoveries we now have five kingdoms. KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Where Do We Fit? Common pets’ scientific names: What is the taxonomy of a human? Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Common pets’ scientific names: Dog: Canis familiaris Cat: Felis domesticus Rabbit: Oryctolagus cuniculus Guinea Pig: Cavia porcellus Horse: Equus caballus