The critical importance of chill in dealing with climate change

plus volatility – high and low Overall warming plus volatility – high and low Chilling prospect

~25% higher yield Avoid heat stress and summer diseases Fall-planted barley and climate change Use incident precipitation and less irrigation Avoid heat stress and summer diseases ~25% higher yield

Volatility and The lows

Winter survival Low temperature tolerance Induced response: No chilling, no LTT A vegetative state trait: Be chill Vernalization sensitivity Maintain a vegetative state trait until sufficient cold units received: chilling requirement Old school insurance trashed by climate change: a premature vegetative to reproductive transition – the Big Chill

Winter survival Short day photoperiod sensitivity Maintain a vegetative state trait until daylength > ~ 10 hrs: Be chill Effective insurance against climate change-induced low temperature spikes

The genes Low temperature tolerance FR-H1, FR-H2, FR-H3 Vernalization sensitivity VRN-H1, VRN-H2, VRN-H3 Short day photoperiod sensitivity PPD-H2

Prospecting for more genes Deploying the new finds TCAP-2,6-LTT 882 WS: 2 years worldwide VS: Greenhouse 9K genotypes Allele-specific assays AMBA-2-LTT 382 WS: 2 years USA VS: Greenhouse 50K genotypes Allele-specific assays Best WS 2, 6 X 2-row malting Doubled haploids

TCAP-LTT The finds: GWAS Winter survival Vernalization sensitivity

The finds: Genetic diversity tree for WS top 5% TCAP-2,6-LTT The finds: Genetic diversity tree for WS top 5% I 61% II 59% III 58% IV 60% V 62% VI 65% VII 59%

The finds: Alleles at key loci for top 5% for WS TCAP-2,6-LTT The finds: Alleles at key loci for top 5% for WS Facultative

AMBA-2-LTT The finds: GWAS Winter survival, 2018 - Ithaca, NY VRN-H2 PPD-H2 VRN-H1 Winter survival, 2018 - Ithaca, NY Vernalization sensitivity – greenhouse

The finds: Genetic diversity tree for WS top 5% AMBA-2-LTT The finds: Genetic diversity tree for WS top 5% 95% 93% Pedigree Group Admire-1 (DFG)/DH130004 1 Antelope/DH130004 2 KWS Scala/VA11B-143 3 MOB2301/DH10.1044 4 MOB2566/SC85942 5 MOB475/DH10.1044 6 NB10425/KWS Scala 7 NB10440/DH120293 8 Violetta/VA11B-141 9 96% 96% 95% 96% Full Pint 1% Thunder 65% DH130910 70%

The facultative option Hard-wired for low temperature tolerance and short-day sensitivity No vernalization sensitivity The option to fall-plant and/or spring-plant the same variety Reduces risk Maximizes opportunities Streamlines seed production and end-use

The facultative option Hard-wired for low temperature tolerance and short-day sensitivity No vernalization sensitivity The option to fall-plant and/or spring-plant the same variety Take precautionary measures to maximize genetic diversity, or else….the green bridge brigs on

Genetics is an essential piece of the puzzle But don’t forget agronomy and crop insurance Maximize residue on soil surface; deep furrows Create micro-climate, trap snow, protect from wind RMA is there

Acknowledgements TCAP-2,6-LTT The network, Maria Munoz-Amatriain, and Dustin Herb, USDA-NIFA AMBA-2-LTT The network, Javier Vasquez Hernandez, AMBA, Sierra Nevada Brewing OSU Barley World Project Past and present