Muscles of the Body Dr. Nichols Coronado HS

Attachments and Actions of Skeletal Muscles Actions depend largely on what the muscles are attached to Attachment sites Origin – an attachment site for a less movable bone Insertion – an attachment site for a more movable bone

Attachments and Actions (cont.) Movement usually produced by a group of muscles Prime mover (agonist) – muscle responsible for most of the movement Synergists – muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing joints Antagonist – muscle that produces movement opposite to prime mover Relaxes when prime mover contracts

Figure of Body Movements Flexion – bending a body part Extension – straightening a body part Hyperextension – extending a body part past the normal anatomical position Dorsiflexion – pointing the toes up Plantar flexion – pointing the toes down Abduction – moving a body part away from the anatomical position Adduction – moving a body part toward the anatomical position Figure of Body Movements

Body Movements (cont.) Back

Body Movements (cont.) Circumduction – moving a body part in a circle Pronation – turning the palm of the hand down Supination – turning the palm of the hand up

Body Movements (cont.) Inversion – turning the sole of the foot medially Eversion – turning the sole of the foot laterally Retraction – moving a body part posteriorly Protraction – moving a body part anteriorly

Body Movements (cont.) Elevation – lifting a body part; for example, elevating the shoulders as in a shrugging expression Depression – lowering a body part; for example, lowering the shoulders

Correct! Apply Your Knowledge The doctor has asked you to abduct the patient’s leg so he can see the patient’s wound. In order to position the patient correctly, what will you have to do? ANSWER: Move the patient’s leg away from its position in the anatomical position. Correct!

Major Skeletal Muscles The muscle name indicates Location Size Action Shape OR Number of attachments of the muscle As you study muscles, you will find it easier to remember them if you think about what the name describes.

Muscles of the Head Sternocleidomastoid Frontalis Splenius capitis Pulls the head to one side Pulls the head to the chest Frontalis Raises the eyebrows Splenius capitis Rotates the head Allows it to bend to the side Orbicularis oris Allows the lips to pucker

Muscles of the Head (cont.) Orbicularis oculi Allows the eyes to close Zygomaticus Pulls the corners of the mouth up Platysma Pulls the corners of the mouth down Masseter and temporalis Close the jaw

Arm Muscles Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Pulls the arm across the chest Rotates and adducts the arms Latissimus dorsi Extends and adducts the arm and rotates the arm inwardly

Arm Muscles (cont.) Deltoid Subscapularis Infraspinatus Abducts and extends the arm at the shoulder Subscapularis Rotates the arm medially Infraspinatus Rotates the arm laterally

Arm Muscles (cont.) Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Flexes the arm at the elbow Rotates the hand laterally Brachialis Brachioradialis Flexes the forearm at the elbow

Arm Muscles (cont.) Triceps brachii Supinator Pronator teres Extends the arm at the elbow Supinator Rotates the forearm laterally (supination) Pronator teres Rotates the forearm medially (pronation)

Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris Flex and abduct the wrist Palmaris longus Flexes the wrist Flexor digitorum profundus Flexes the distal joints of the fingers, but not the thumb

Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles (cont.) Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Extend the wrist and abduct the hand Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends the wrist Extensor digitorum Extends the fingers, but not the thumb

Respiratory Muscles Diaphragm External and internal intercostals Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Its contraction causes inspiration External and internal intercostals Expand and lower the ribs during breathing

Click for View of Abdominal Muscles External and internal obliques Compress the abdominal wall Transverse abdominis Also compresses the abdominal wall Rectus abdominis Flexes the vertebral column Compresses the abdominal wall Click for View of Abdominal Muscles

Click for View of Pectoral Girdle Muscles Trapezius Raises the arms Pulls the shoulders downward Pectoralis minor Pulls the scapula downward Raises the ribs Click for View of Pectoral Girdle Muscles

Leg Muscles Iliopsoas major Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius and minimus Flexes the thigh Gluteus maximus Extends the thigh Gluteus medius and minimus Abduct the thighs Rotate them medially

Leg Muscles (cont.) Adductor longus and magnus Adduct the thighs Rotate them laterally Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus Known as the hamstring group Flex the leg at the knee Extend the leg at the thigh

Leg Muscles (cont.) Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius Extend the leg at the knee Sartorius Flexes the leg at the knee and thigh Abducts the thigh, rotating the thigh laterally but rotating the lower leg medially

Ankle, Foot, and Toe Muscles Tibialis anterior Inverts the foot and points the foot up (dorsiflexion) Extensor digitorum longus Extends the toes and points the foot up Gastrocnemius Flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee

Ankle, Foot, and Toe Muscles (cont.) Soleus Flexes the foot Flexor digitorum longus Flexes the foot and toes

Bravo! Apply Your Knowledge Your patient complains of hurting his hamstring when running today. You would look at what part of the leg, and what muscles would be involved? ANSWER: You would look at the back of his leg, and the muscles involved would be the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. These three muscles are known as the hamstring group. Bravo!

Muscle Strains and Sprains Strains – injuries due to over-stretched muscles or tendons Sprains – more serious injuries that result in tears to tendons, ligaments, and/or cartilage of joints RICE is recommended treatment for either Rest Ice Compression Elevation

Muscle Strains and Sprains (cont.) Prevention Warm up muscles A few minutes before an intense activity raises muscle temperature and makes muscle more pliable Stretching Improves muscle performance and should always be done after the warm-up or after exercising Cooling down or slowing down Before completely stopping prevents pooling of blood in the legs and helps remove lactic acid from muscles

Aging and the Musculoskeletal System Contractions become slower and not as strong Dexterity and gripping ability decrease Mobility may decrease Assistive devices helpful Routine exercise Swimming Physical therapy

Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System Description Botulism Affects the gastrointestinal tract and various muscle groups Fibromyalgia Fairly common condition that causes chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons Muscular dystrophy Inherited disorder characterized by muscle weakness and a loss of muscle tissue Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune condition in which patients experience muscle weakness

Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System (cont.) Description Rhabdomyolysis A condition in which the kidneys become damaged after serious muscle injuries Tetanus (lockjaw) Painful inflammation of a tendon and the tendon-muscle attachment to a bone Torticollis (wryneck) Acquired or congenital; spasm or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; head bends to affected side and chin rotates to opposite side Trichinosis An infection caused by parasites (worms)

Apply Your Knowledge Good Job! The doctor has told your patient that his son has muscular dystrophy disorder. What is muscular dystrophy? ANSWER: Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder characterized by muscle weakness and a loss of muscle tissue. Good Job!

In Summary 22.1 The functions of muscles include movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, and the production of heat. 22.2 The three types of muscle tissue are striated voluntary skeletal muscle, smooth involuntary visceral muscle, and specialized striated and involuntary cardiac muscle. 22.3 Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction produced by smooth muscle to push substances through various tubes in the body.

In Summary (cont.) 22.4 Muscles create energy in three ways. Creatine phosphate is a rapid method for muscles to create energy, aerobic respiration uses stored glucose to produce ATP in the Krebs cycle, and lactic acid production occurs when a cell is low in oxygen and coverts pyruvic acid to lactic acid. 22.5 Skeletal muscle is composed of connective tissues, skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The coverings of skeletal muscles include fascia, tendon, aponeurosis, epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

In Summary (cont.) 22.6 The origin of a muscle is the attachment site of the muscle to the less movable bone during muscle contraction. The insertion of a muscle is the attachment site for the muscle to the more movable bone during muscle contraction. 22.7 The body movements produced by skeletal muscles include flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, pronation, supination, inversion, eversion, retraction, protraction, elevation, and depression.

In Summary (cont.) 22.8 The major muscles of the head are sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, frontalis, orbicularis oris and oculi, zygomaticus, platysma, masseter, and temporalis. The upper extremity muscles include pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, subscapularis, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii, supinator and pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris, plamaris longus, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor digitorum. The major respiratory muscles are the diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals.

In Summary (cont.) 22.8 (cont.) The abdominal muscles include external and internal obliques, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis. The pectoral girdle muscles include trapezius and pectoralis minor. The muscles of the lower extremity include iliopsoas major; gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus; adductor longus and magnus; biceps femoris; semitendinosus and semimembranosus; rectus femoris; vastus lateralis, medius, and intermedius; sartorius; tibialis anterior; extensor digitorum longus; gastrocnemius; soleus; and flexor digitorum longus.

In Summary (cont.) 22.9 Strain injuries involve injuries to muscles and/or tendons. Sprains are more serious injuries that result in tears to tendons, ligaments, and/or the cartilage of joints. 22.10 The common diseases of aging include arthritis, fractures, osteoporosis, and muscular decline. Aging causes a decline in strength and speed of muscle contractions. Dexterity and gripping abilities lessen and mobility often decreases related to skeletal and muscular decline.

In Summary (cont.) 22.11 The diseases of the muscular system, as well as their symptoms and treatments, vary widely and are discussed in the Pathophysiology section of this chapter. Some of the common diseases discussed include botulism, fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, tendonitis, tetanus, and torticollis.

End of Chapter 22 Everyone has a ‘risk muscle.’ You keep it in shape by trying new things. If you don’t, it atrophies. Make a point of using it at least once a day. ~Roger von Oech