Figure 2 Altered innate immune functions after sepsis

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Figure 2 Altered innate immune functions after sepsis Figure 2 | Altered innate immune functions after sepsis. The innate immune response is altered after sepsis in patients and in mice. These immune alterations occur not only in the blood but also in the bone marrow and in organs that are distant from the initial site of infection. These alterations include increased release of immature neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from the bone marrow, which is also accompanied by alterations in the functions of mature neutrophils. The phenotype and functions of monocytes and/or macrophages and dendritic cells are also altered and include decreased effector functions, increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators and increased expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors. These alterations are deleterious for the host, as they result in a diminished first-line response against infection and decreased inflammation as well as altered T cell functions. HLA-DR, HLA class II histocompatibility DR; PD1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Venet, F. & Monneret, G. (2017) Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.165