The LHC Collimation Project Implementation of a Phased Approach R. Assmann Accelerator & Beams Department, CERN External Review of the LHC Collimation Project June 30th - July 2nd 2004 R. Assmann

Outline Introduction to collimation in the LHC The LHC Collimation Project The phased approach Phase 1 collimation: Performance and collimator design Conclusion R. Assmann

Introduction Collimation has become a major design issue in building new accelerators and making them work. Why this? better performance = higher intensities Traditionally: Control the beam core (low e, small b*, good stability) to maximize luminosity! Keep beam tails from experiments (background). New high intensity machines: High intensity in core and halo! Halo/tails become “dangerous” for the machine:  Quenches – Activation – Heating – Damage Active and growing community interested in halo and collimation! Very critical for making the LHC a success! R. Assmann

Principle of Beam Collimation Beam propagation Core Diffusion processes 1 nm/turn Primary halo (p) Secondary halo p p Impact parameter ≤ 1 mm e collimator Primary p Shower Sensitive equipment ... one stage cleaning ... R. Assmann

Principle of Beam Collimation Beam propagation Core Diffusion processes 1 nm/turn Primary halo (p) Secondary halo p p p Tertiary halo Impact parameter ≤ 1 mm p e collimator Primary p Secondary collimator Shower e Sensitive equipment Shower ... two stage cleaning ... R. Assmann

The LHC Type Collimator If we say collimator: We mean a collimator with two parallel jaws! Each jaw controllable in position and angle! R. Assmann

Following a single proton… Any diffusion source Following a single proton… p hits primary collimator with < 1 mm impact Inelastic interaction? yes STOPPED (“absorbed”) no Hit secondary collimator? yes p hits secondary collimator with ~ 200 mm impact (mostly same turn) no Inelastic interaction? After several turns hit primary collimator yes no Inefficiency: number p escaped / number p lost ESCAPED (lost outside collimation) R. Assmann

Notes on two-stage collimation Protons have very small impact parameter on primary collimator:  they see only a small length and inelastic interaction cannot be achieved with good probability! Primary collimators can be short and must be complemented by several secondary collimators each! Secondary collimators have bigger impact parameter:  They must be long with good surface flatness to assure inelastic interaction! Shower products are assumed to be lost locally in collimator insertion (warm magnets). Collimation process is characterized by inefficiency (leakage rate). R. Assmann

Inefficiency and Allowable Intensity (Luminosity) Allowed intensity Quench threshold (7.6 ×106 p/m/s @ 7 TeV) Cleaning inefficiency = Number of escaping p (>10s) Number of impacting p (6s) Beam lifetime (e.g. 0.2 h minimum) Dilution Length (50 m) R. Assmann

The LHC Challenge Factor ~ 200 The LHC machine: Physics  High luminosity at high energy: Great discovery potential! Accelerator design  Handling of ultra-intense beams in a super-conducting environment: Great risk of quenching & damage! Factor ~ 200 Control losses ~ 1000 times better than present state-of-the-art! R. Assmann

“Destructive” LHC Beams Transverse energy density: Describes damage potential of the LHC beam (3 orders of magnitude more dangerous than present beams) R. Assmann

 Many more examples exist: E.g. damage to HERA collimators! Magnetic spool piece Primary collimator (W) Secondary collimator (W)  Many more examples exist: E.g. damage to HERA collimators! R. Assmann

R. Assmann

Some Numbers High stored beam energy ~ 350 MJ/beam (melt 500 kg Cu, required for 1034 cm-2 s-1 luminosity) Small spot sizes at high energy 200 mm (at coll.) (small 7 TeV emittance, no large beta in restricted space) Large transverse energy density 1 GJ/mm2 (beam is destructive, 3 orders beyond Tevatron/HERA) High required cleaning efficiency 99.998 % (~ 10-5 1/m) (clean lost protons to avoid SC magnet quenches) Collimation close to beam 6-7 s (available mechanical aperture is at ~10 s) Small collimator gap ~ 3 mm (at 7 TeV) (impedance problem, tight tolerances: ~ 10 mm) Activation of collimation insertions ~ 1-15 mSv/h (good reliability required, very restricted access) Big system IR3, IR7, other locations (nominal design parameters) R. Assmann

Worries for the LHC Can we predict requirements and all failures? 10 × complexity Survival of collimators with high density LHC beam? 1000 × density Performance for avoiding quenches? 1000 × power/quench limit Can we handle mechanical and beam tolerances? 10 × smaller gaps Peak loss rate (peak heat load: 500 kW)? 100 × stored energy Average loss rate (radioactivity)? 100 × loss per year A very difficult problem! To solve it we must rely on first-class expertise in various areas: Accelerator physics: Understanding and simulation of loss mechanisms and beam halo, design of efficient multi-stage collimation. Nuclear physics: Proton- and ion-induced showers in collimators and other equipment (7 TeV protons on fixed targets). Material science: Effects of proton beam on various materials. Beam- induced damage. Elastic and inelastic deformations. Thin coatings. Mechanical engineering: Robust collimators with precise mechanical movement and highly efficient cooling. Radioprotection: Handling of radioactivity in collimator regions (material, personnel). R. Assmann

Outline Introduction to collimation in the LHC The LHC Collimation Project The phased approach Phase 1 collimation: Performance and collimator design Conclusion R. Assmann

The LHC Collimation Project September 2001 Start of Beam Cleaning Study Group / Collimation WG January 2002 CERN meeting on LHC collimators January 2003 AB Project on LHC Collimation + ATB group July 2003 Phased approach approved September 2003 Mechanical engineering started with TS department January 2004 Start of prototype production June 2004 New collimation layout in IR3 and IR7 August 2004 Installation of prototype collimators into SPS/TT40 Call for tender for series production December 2004 Contract for series production (FC) Summer 2007 Collimation ready for beam commissioning  Extremely tight schedule: Many CERN staff working very hard (fast)...  Before series production: External review of design decisions. R. Assmann

Mandate Finalize the design of the LHC collimation system in IR3 and IR7, taking into account all relevant requirements concerning robustness, performance, fabrication, installation, maintenance, machine protection and beam operation. Produce prototype collimator tanks for TCP, TCS, and TCL type collimators and verify their performance. Supervise production and installation of the full system. Commission the system without and with beam. Support routine operation. Fulfilling this mandate requires close collaboration among different groups and departments: AB/ABP, AB/ATB, AB/BDI, AB/BT, AB/CO, AB/OP, AT/VAC, AT/MTM, TS/ME, TS/CV, TS/EL, TIS/RP, … + external collaborators at TRIUMF, IHEP. R. Assmann

The people involved… R. Assmann

Main work flow Start of project Definition of phased approach OCT02 Start of project Phase 2 R&D design, production Definition of phased approach Collimator specifications for phase 1 JUL03 System layout (optics, energy deposition, …) Radiation, collimator shielding Collimator mechanical design Motors, control electronics Budget MAY-OCT04 Prototyping, verification with SPS test 2005-2006 Series production 2006-2007 Installation, commissioning R. Assmann

Project steering Collimation project AB department Resources/planning E. Chiaveri Collimation project Leader: R. Assmann Project engineer: O. Aberle Organization, schedule, budget, milestones, progress monitoring, design decisions report to AB department (S. Myers, LTC) Resources/planning R. Assmann, E. Chiaveri, M. Mayer, J.P. Riunaud Supply & ordering O. Aberle, A. Bertarelli Beam aspects R. Assmann, LCWG System design, optics, efficiency, impedance (calculation, measure-ment), beam impact, tolerances, diffusion, beam loss, beam tests, beam commissioning, functional specification (8/03), operational scenarios, support of operation Energy deposition, radiation A. Ferrari (collimator design, ions) J.B Jeanneret (BLM’s, tuning) M. Brugger (radiation impact) FLUKA, Mars studies for energy deposition around the rings. Activation and handling requirements. Collimator engineering & HW support O. Aberle Sen. advice: P. Sievers Conceptual collimator de-sign, ANSYS studies, hardware commissioning, support for beam tests, series production, installation, maintenance/repair, electronics&local control, phase 2 collimator R&D Mechanical eng-ineering (TS) Coord.: M. Mayer Engin.: A. Bertarelli Sen. designer: R. Perret Technical specification, space budget and mecha-nical integration, thermo-mechanical calculations and tests, collimator mechanical design, prototype testing, prototype production, drawings for series production. Machine Protection R. Schmidt Vacuum M. Jimenez Beam instrum. B. Dehning Dump/kickers B. Goddard Integration into operation M. Lamont Local feedback J. Wenninger Controls AB/CO Electronics/radiation T. Wijnands

External collaborations Lot’s of excellent knowledge at CERN but not covering all relevant work (manpower) and expertise (new challenges): TRIUMF: Collimation optics design (completed). IHEP: Energy deposition studies. Radiation impact. Kurchatov: Damage to Carbon from the LHC beam (how long will the collimators survive?)  radiation damage to material properties... (just started) SLAC: Design/construction of a phase 2 advanced collimator for LHC beam test in 2008. BNL: Cleaning efficiency in an operating machine. Fermilab: Energy deposition studies. Quench protection. Strong contacts with DESY and other laboratories... US-LARP program R. Assmann

Scope of the Project Two warm LHC insertions dedicated to cleaning: IR3  Momentum cleaning IR7  Betatron cleaning Building on collimation system design that started in 1992! Various collimators in experimental insertions IR1, IR2, IR5, IR8.  Four collimation systems: Momentum and betatron for two beams! R. Assmann

Challenges for LHC Collimation Good robustness High efficiency Low impedance SOLUTION? Low activation Reasonable cost Fast schedule Reasonable tolerances R. Assmann

Outline Introduction to collimation in the LHC The LHC Collimation Project The phased approach Phase 1 collimation: Performance and collimator design Conclusion R. Assmann

No ONE General Purpose System Tradeoffs: Good robustness (carbon)  Low impedance (metal) High efficiency (good absorption)  Good robustness (bad absorption) Low impedance (short jaws)  High efficiency (long jaws) Advancing state-of-the-art by 2-3 orders of magnitude. Conflicting requirements. No unique solution for everything (injection, ramp, collision, …): Various sub-systems with dedicated usages, targeted at specific requirements (e.g. maximum robustness at injection/ramp, minimum impedance at collision). Phased approach for minimum initial investment, minimum number of components, assuring to be ready in time. Possibility of upgrades. R. Assmann

The Phased Approach Maximum robustness, minimum cost IR3/IR7 collimation system (C based) for injection&ramping, commissioning, early physics (running at impedance limit). Thin metallic coating for going further (survival of coating unclear). “Tertiary” collimators in IR1, IR2, IR5, IR7 for local protection and cleaning at the triplets. Thin targets for beam scraping. Metallic “hybrid” secondary collimators in IR7 for nominal performance, used only at end of squeeze and stable physics. Additional placeholders for upgrading to maximum cleaning efficiency. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 4 R. Assmann

Phase 1: The robust 3-stage system for injection/ramp and early physics TCDQ 7 TeV (squeezed) Primaries at inj, 7 TeV (squeezed) Secondaries at 0.45 – 7 TeV (unsqueezed) Secondaries at 7 TeV (squeezed) Tertiaries at 7 TeV (squeezed) Cu C C C C Triplet 13.5 s 10 s ± 13.5 stop ± 13 stop ± 6 s ± 8 mm (7 sinj) ± 2 mm (10.5 stop) - 10 s C - 13.5 s C C C Cu Triplet 100 cm 10 m 20 cm 100 cm 100-150 cm Primaries very robust, robust low-Z secondaries, relaxed tolerances: mechanical and for orbit/beta beat, good efficiency. Space allocations for phase 2 upgrade. Triplet protection (possible later local cleaning at triplets). R. Assmann

Phase 2: The robust 3-stage system plus low impedance hybrids TCDQ 7 TeV (squeezed) Primaries at inj, 7 TeV (squeezed) Secondaries at 0.45 – 7 TeV (unsqueezed) Secondaries at 7 TeV (squeezed) Tertiaries at 7 TeV (squeezed) Metal Metal Cu C C C C Triplet 13.5 s 10 s ± 1.5 mm* (7 stop) ± 6 s ± 8 mm (7 sinj) ± 10 stop ± 10 stop ± 8 mm (7 sinj) - 10 s Metal C - 13.5 s C C C Triplet Cu Metal 10 m 20 cm 100 cm ≤ 100 cm 100 cm ≤ 100 cm 100-150 cm *A few hybrid collimators (1-2) might be retracted to 10.5 s (into shadow of TCDQ). Take into account known phase advances for any given configuration. Hybrid secondaries with metallic surface, only used towards end of squeeze and in stable physics (only dump failure relevant for H collimators in phase). Rely on local triplet cleaning for these few collimators. R. Assmann

New Machine Layout IR3 R. Assmann

New Machine Layout IR7 R. Assmann

Outline Introduction to collimation in the LHC The LHC Collimation Project The phased approach Phase 1 collimation: Performance and collimator design Conclusion R. Assmann

Collimators / Scrapers / Absorbers Components of the collimation system are distinguished by their function: Collimators: Elastic and inelastic interactions of beam protons. Precise devices with two jaws, used for efficient beam cleaning. Small gaps and stringent tolerances. Scrapers: Used for beam shaping and diagnostics. Thin one-sided objects. Absorbers: Absorb mis-kicked beam or products of proton-induced showers. Movable absorbers can be quite similar in design to collimators, but mostly with high-Z jaws. Larger gaps and relaxed tolerances. Precise set-up and optimization in first line affects collimators! R. Assmann

Components for the Collimation System (Phase 1) Focus of review Most difficult! Number of objects: 80 + 13 spares Per beam: 25 collimators 3 scrapers 12 absorbers R. Assmann

Performance Efficiency: Phase 1: Efficiency reduced with respect to old solution! Phase 2: Potential of efficiency extended 2-3 times beyond old solution! These results used for design goals. Difficult to use for predicting quenches in the LHC cold aperture! R. Assmann

Loss Maps Around the Ring: Injection Aperture model for 27,000 m LHC with 0.1 m longitudinal resolution: ~ 270,000 loss points! Tertiary halo  S. Redaelli G. Robert-Demolaize Q6 downstream of betatron cleaning: first SC magnet Acceptable!? Understand effect of azimuth on quench. Help further with absorbers in IR7! R. Assmann

Loss Maps Around the Ring: Collision Peaks in all triplets: Cure with tertiary collimators! Tertiary halo Work is ongoing... Massive computing effort: 9 × 106 p tracked over 100 turns through each LHC element! 27,000 loss points checked in aperture! So far only tertiary halo: Include also secondary halo. Future data generated from SIXTRACK! IR8: Initial optics with b* = 1 m R. Assmann

Final result with reduced system UNSTABLE STABLE  Elias Metral R. Assmann

Maximum Robustness Jaws for Phase 1 Driving criteria for material: Resistivity (7-25 mΩm) Short lead times Design work and prototyping under way TS leads effort: A. Bertarelli M. Mayer S. Calatroni Visit of collimator Friday morning! 0.5 0.5 R. Assmann

Design “phase 1” secondary collimators More conventional design (next iteration on LEP concept) with advanced features. Two graphite jaws, movable in angle and position, maximum robustness, concept of spare surface. Full redundant read-out of gap at both ends, gap center, jaw positions. In addition temperature sensors and sensors for damage detection. Thin coating for impedance reduction (coating destroyed in case of direct beam hit, graphite unaffected). Mechanical “automatic” opening with motor failure (motor pressing against spring). Quick plug-ins for electrical and water connections. Fast exchange flanges. Short installation and replacement time! Crucial for radiological reasons! Three prototypes being constructed now. Surface flatness is a critical parameter. Tests of prototypes with SPS beam after Aug 2004. R. Assmann

Secondary Collimators Take Shape SPS R. Assmann

The SPS Tests SPS ring: Show that the LHC prototype collimator has the required functionality and properties (mechanical movements, tolerances, impedance, vacuum, loss maps, …). 2. TT40 extraction: Show that an LHC collimator jaw survives its expected maximum beam load without damage to jaw material nor metallic support nor cooling circuit (leak).  2 MJ on 1 mm × 1 mm area! Crucial project milestone Mechanical engineering (installation 18Aug04) Tolerances Prototype production Control and motorization Set-up of a single LHC collimator with beam R. Assmann

Conclusion This introductory talk should set the scene and get you into a collimation mood! Picked some important topics! Other important issues were not covered in this talk! 20 more talks to come  much more technical detail for a complete picture of the work done and being done! Don’t expect a complete and frozen picture! Things are still moving fast, but important issues have been frozen: - Collimation requirements - Phased approach - Layout of cleaning insertions - Choice of low Z carbon-based material - Design of phase 1 collimators (TCP and TCS) If no bad surprises: Ready for LHC beam in 2007! R. Assmann

Ongoing work Prototyping and design of all phase 1 components (so far focused on secondary and primary collimators). Testing in laboratory and with beam. Motorization and control (motor control, collimator control, collimation system control). High precision control with high reliability. Preparation of series production of components. System layout: Placement of absorbers and radiation handling (energy deposition studies). Collimation efficiency: Beam loss around ring. Compare to quench limits. Influence of errors/physics models. Massive computing effort. Procedures: Performance during set-up. Setting up a single collimator and the whole system. Massive computing effort. Radiation damage in the Carbon collimators from LHC beam (structural, electrical, thermal, ...): How long do the collimators survive? (Kurchatov) A possible design for an advanced phase 2 collimator! (SLAC-US LARP) R. Assmann

The LHC “collimation mountain” 2003 2004 Collimate the LHC beam 2007 R. Assmann

Five sessions upcoming Baseline assumptions and requirements for collimators. Mechanical design and prototyping of phase 1 collimators. Energy deposition and its consequences/cures. LHC performance with phase 1 collimation and collimation set-up/optimization. Operation and control. Radioprotection. Use time for questions and discussion... Additional time for discussion on Friday morning... R. Assmann