Chapter 19 Section 4 Struggles for Justice

Issues within America Jim Crow laws punished African Americans in South Violence continued Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, Minorities also encountered violence

Booker T. Washington Educator Born into Slavery Worked in coal mines Taught himself to read Worked in coal mines 1881 – founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for A.A. Wanted A.A’s to learn trades, seek to move up in society

“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a gield as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities.” Speech to Atlanta Exposition 1895

Booker T. Washington Gained support of Business leaders Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Presidents

W.E.B. Du Bois Brilliant scholar Received Ph.D. from Harvard Thought Washington was willing to accept Segregation Wanted blacks to fight discrimination than submit to it. Formed NAACP for equal rights.

“So far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting…and opposes the higher training and ambition of our brigher minds, --so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this, --we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.” The Souls of Black Folk

Campaign Against Lynching 1,000 African Americans in the South victims of lynching Jobless whites took out violence on blacks Ida wells: A.A. journalist fights back Called for boycott of segregated streetcars, white-owned stores

Mexican Americans Half a mil. Mexican Americans lived in the U.S. 1900 Half a mil. Mexican Americans lived in the U.S. Separate, inferior schools in South West towns and cities

Mexican Immigration 1910 – revolution/famine swept throughout Mexico Push Pull 1910 – revolution/famine swept throughout Mexico Poor farmers found similar jobs in agriculture

Mex-American Life Jobs: field hands, road builders, dug irrigation ditches, factories Paid less than “Anglo” workers, denied skilled jobs Barrios: ethnic Mexican American neighborhoods Example: Los Angeles Mutualistas: pooled money to pay for insurance/legal advice, sick and needy.

Asian Americans Chinese Excluded from emigrating Worked on dry, barren land that Americans thought useless Produced fruit/Vegetables

Gentlemen’s Agreement 1906 San Francisco forced all Asian students to attend separate schools Japan protested, could cause Crisis Unions pressured Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan Under pressure not to antagonize growing naval country IF San Francisco ended Segregation, he would restict Japanese Immigration. No more workers for women to join their husbands

American Catholics Nativists created groups to restrict immigration Harpers Weekly Nativists created groups to restrict immigration Anti-Catholic American Protective Association Anti-Catholic feelings common in schools Teachers lectured against pope Textbooks contained anti-Catholic feelings Parochial schools are created!

American Jews Leo Frank 1913 – Jewish man accused of murdering a young girl in Geogria. No evidence, Leo was sentenced to death. Governor of Geogria reduced the sentence, mob lynched Leo. Anti-Defamation League was created Promotes understanding and fights prejudice against Jews and others.