Increased Sensitivity of the Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor α2 Subunit Causes Familial Epilepsy with Nocturnal Wandering and Ictal Fear Paolo Aridon, Carla.

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Increased Sensitivity of the Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor α2 Subunit Causes Familial Epilepsy with Nocturnal Wandering and Ictal Fear Paolo Aridon, Carla Marini, Chiara Di Resta, Elisa Brilli, Maurizio De Fusco, Fausta Politi, Elena Parrini, Irene Manfredi, Tiziana Pisano, Dario Pruna, Giulia Curia, Carlo Cianchetti, Massimo Pasqualetti, Andrea Becchetti, Renzo Guerrini, Giorgio Casari The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 79, Issue 2, Pages 342-350 (August 2006) DOI: 10.1086/506459 Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Pedigree structure and disease-haplotype segregation. Individuals available for typing are indicated by the generated genotype data. The arrow indicates the proband. Blackened symbols denote individuals affected by epilepsy with nocturnal wandering and ictal fear; unblackened symbols denote unaffected individuals. Circles and squares indicate females and males, respectively. Marker order and distances in cM are given in table 2. The disease haplotype is boxed. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 79, 342-350DOI: (10.1086/506459) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 CHRNA2 mutation in familial epilepsy with nocturnal wandering and ictal fear. A, Electropherograms of CHRNA2 gene sequence spanning the missense mutation in the proband (top) and a control (bottom). The arrow indicates the 836T→A transversion. B, DHPLC elution profile of the heterozygous proband (left) and a wild-type (wt) control (right). C, Evolutionary conservation of different α-subunit I279 residues among different species (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot). The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 79, 342-350DOI: (10.1086/506459) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Electrophysiological properties of wild-type and mutant α2/β4 nicotinic receptors. Representative current traces evoked by pulses of the indicated acetylcholine concentration for either α2/β4 (A) or α2I279N/β4 (B) nAChRs. Note the larger response in α2I279N/β4 receptors at nonsaturating doses of agonist. The maximal response was always tested at regular intervals during the experiment, to exclude artifacts due to channel rundown. Similar results were obtained with nicotine. No significant difference was observed in the current density of wild-type (α2/β4), mutant (α2I279N/β4), and heterozygous (α2+α2I279N/β4) receptors, tested in the presence of 100 μM agonist. C and D, Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (C) and nicotine (D). Data points are average peak currents obtained at the indicated ligand concentration and normalized to the current obtained in the presence of 100 μM agonist (n=6 for each concentration point). The experimental points were fitted with a single-term empirical Hill equation, providing the following estimates for EC50: acetylcholine, 3.94 ± 0.31 μM (for α2/β4) and 0.64 ± 0.14 μM (for α2I279N/β4); nicotine, 2.84 ± 0.16 μM (for α2/β4), 0.52 ± 0.07 μM (for α2I279N/β4), and 1.66 ± 0.25 μM (for α2+α2I279N/β4). The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 79, 342-350DOI: (10.1086/506459) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Expression pattern of CHRNA2, CHRNA4, and CHRNB2 nicotinic subunits in human brain. For quantitative analysis of different α and β subunits' expression in the human brain, we optimized a semiquantitative RT-PCR method coupled with Southern blot analysis. With this analysis, a relatively stronger expression was observed in the thalamus for CHRNA2 mRNA, whereas mild expression was seen in the other brain regions analyzed for both CHRNA2 and CHRNA4. CHRNB2 showed a homogeneous level of expression throughout the different brain areas, with the exception of the temporal cortex. GAPDH was used as positive control. RT- = negative control. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 79, 342-350DOI: (10.1086/506459) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions