Chapter 1: Egypt

1. Geography Egyptian civilization grew along the river Nile. Two main regions: Upper Egypt (South, Thebes) Lower Egypt (North, Memphis)

1. Geography They depended on the annual floods of the Nile and on irrigation. Arable soil was very limited. 95% of the population lived in 5% of the land.

2. Economy Based on agriculture. Imported wood and olive oil. Exported papyrus, grain, linen, furniture, gold and African goods. They had some mineral resources and stone (granite).

3. Society Monarchy with extreme divisions between social classes Pharaoh (divinized) Aristocracy (royal officials, large landowners, wealthy merchants, priests, military chiefs) Small business people, traders, artisans. Peasants. Slaves

4. Religion Theocracy: theós (Gk: god) kratía (Gk: government) Meaning: a state ruled by a god. The pharaoh identified himself with a god. He embodied the state. His subjects would worship him to ensure the prosperity of the community.

4. Religion They believed in an afterlife. They tried to ensure the eternal life through: Building of funerary monuments Visual representation of the deceased Mummification Representation of daily life in burials. Training to pass the judgment of Osiris. (Book of the Dead)

5. Funerary Architecture Old Kingdom: Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, 2600 BCE

5. Funerary architecture Old Kingdom: Pyramids of Giza (Khufu, Khafre, Menkaura, 2560-2525 BCE)

5. Funerary architecture n= Menkaura n=Khafre a= Khufu b= Queens’ pyramids q, k= valley temples j= Great Sphinx d, c = cemeteries

5. Funerary architecture Khufu’s pyramid, oldest and largest of the complex

5. Funerary architecture The Inscription and legend of pharaoh Tuthmosis IV

5. Funerary architecture Deir el Bahri (1490 BCE) Valley of the Kings Hatshepsut’s temple

5. Tutankhamen’s tomb (1325 BCE)

Karnak, Great Temple of Amen, (Ramses II), 1294-1212 BCE 6. Temples Karnak, Great Temple of Amen, (Ramses II), 1294-1212 BCE

6. Temples Pylon Hypostyle Hall

7. Sculpture and painting

7. Sculpture and painting Nobleman hunting in the marshes (1400 BCE)

7. Sculpture and painting Ka-Aper (2500 BCE) Menkure and his Chief Queen(2525 BCE)