Chapter 14: The Formation of Western Europe 800 - 1500

Chapter 14 Overview

Section 1: Church Reform and the Crusades Dark Ages, but around 900s revival in church Started in monasteries Esp. Cluny in France Return to “basics” Popes started to lead the way Restored and expanded Church’s power “Age of Faith” But…many problems remain

Problems in the Church 3 main issues: Plus other issues: Village priests had families, married—against Church rulings Bishops sold positions (simony) Lay investiture Plus other issues: Some priests were nearly illiterate Some popes were of “questionable morals”, as were some bishops, etc. Some popes enforce church laws regarding simony and priests marrying; reorganize church

Church resembles a kingdom Advisers; acted as court; developed canon law Tithes @ 10% Went towards buildings, church operations, social services, and hospitals. Friars (travelling monks) Checked on bishops and kings Priests

Birth of Cathedrals Cathedrals built in cities “Representation of the city of God” Thus—wealthy and very decorated 800s – 1100: Romanesque Rounded arches, heavy roof, thick walls and pillars; dark 1100s on: Gothic Thrust upward, huge stained glass windows, sculpture, wood carvings inspire the worshipper with the magnificence of God Notre Dame

The Crusades *Smart Notebook off and on for 300 years Recapture all the holy land from the Turks! 1095—Pope Urban II declares “holy war” 1144—Turks recapture Edessa Second Crusade to recapture city: failed 1097—Three armies gather near Constantinople 1187—Saladin recaptures Jerusalem How’s that?! Totally unorganized and should NOT have been victorious! Later Crusades lacked spirit and numbers, went to non-Holy Land sites Goals: Economic: Estab. trade routes, make $ off of sponsoring crusades Political: Kill off troublesome knights, reclaim lost land Social: Regain holy land 1099—Crusaders captures Jerusalem and begin set up of four Crusader states http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI

The Reconquista of Spain Moors held almost all of Spain Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united, joined forces, pushed Muslims and Jews out Inquisition afterwards to suppress heresy Is that Christopher Columbus over there? The Happy Couple

Effects of Crusades Women had opportunities while @ home waiting for men to return Opened/encouraged trade with SW Asia Lessened power of pope Decreased power of nobility, kings Thousands lost lives, fortunes Constantinople fell Bitterness/hatred btwn Muslims, Christians; Jews persecuted even more

Section 2: Changes in Medieval Society Ag, trade, finance advanced; cities and towns grew; growing population and territorial expansion Interaction with Muslims, Byzantine  new learning (universities are born!) Growing food supply enabled these changes Horsepower, better harness Three-field system—more food more to eat healthier people more population

Guilds Become HUGE and vital to economy and society Organization of individuals in same business working for benefit of all Provide training in a craft (apprentice to journeyman to master) Regulate quality and price of goods (can you say “monopoly”?!) Fight for wages and working conditions Provide health and other benefits Serve the community

Commercial Revolution See graphic on pg. 390! Fairs (no longer self-sufficient manors) Trade! Larger variety of goods avail. Banking—letters of credit, exchange rates, usury (loans with interest) People started moving into towns because of trade, plus can earn freedom by living there for yr + day Disgusting, disease-ridden, fire prone places…but at least you’re free

Revival of Learning Muslims had good libraries The University! Europeans started to study there Gain lots of ancient and modern knowledge in science, philosophy, law, math, etc. Crusades intro new technology The University! People learning together Oxford (England), Salerno (Italy) Well-to-do students Long process Hope of getting gov’t or Church job

Literature Starting writing in the vernacular (language of the people) The Divine Comedy (Dante) The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer) Christian writers and philosophers Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologicae) Philosophy + Christian thought The Scholastics