Figure 9.1a External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull. Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Nasal bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Condylar process Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Figure 9.2a Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed. Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum 2

Figure 9.3a-b Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull. Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Crista galli Frontal bone Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform foramina Lesser wing Optic canal Sphenoid Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen lacerum Foramen spinosum Middle cranial fossa Hypoglossal canal Temporal bone (petrous part) Anterior cranial fossa Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum 3

Figure 9.4 The sphenoid bone. Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid Superior view Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process Posterior view 4

Figure 9.5 The ethmoid bone. Crista galli Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate 5

Figure 9.6a-b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Squamous part of frontal bone Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Optic canal Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Sagittal suture Mental foramen Parietal bone Mandibular symphysis Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Temporal bone (mastoid process) Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line 6

Figure 9.7 Detailed anatomy of the mandible and maxilla. Temporomandibular joint Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Articulates with frontal bone Mandibular notch Coronoid process Condylar process Frontal process Orbital surface Mandibular foramen Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Alveolar process Mandibular angle Body of mandible Maxilla, right lateral view Mandible, right lateral view 7

Figure 9.8 Bones that form the orbit. Supraorbital notch Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Optic canal • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall • Sphenoid body • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lateral wall of orbit • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure • Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone Infraorbital foramen • Zygomatic bone 8

Figure 9.9 Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Frontal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus 9

Figure 9.10 Hyoid bone. Greater horn Lesser horn Body 10

Figure 9.11 The vertebral column. 2 3 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 4 5 C7 (vertebra prominens) 6 7 T1 Spinous process 2 3 Transverse processes 4 5 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 6 7 8 9 Intervertebral discs 10 11 Intervertebral foramen 12 L1 2 Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1 – L5 3 4 5 Sacral curvature (convex) Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view 11

Figure 9.12 Abnormal spinal curvatures Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis 12

Figure 9.13 A typical vertebra, superior view. Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Body (centrum) Anterior 13

Figure 9.14 The first and second cervical vertebrae. Posterior Posterior C1 Posterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Posterior arch Transverse process Transverse foramen Lateral masses Lateral masses Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Anterior arch Facet for dens Anterior tubercle Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Superior view of atlas (C1) Inferior view of atlas (C1) Posterior C2 Spinous process Inferior articular process Lamina Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body Superior view of axis (C2) 14

Figure 9.15 Superior and right lateral views of typical vertebrae. Superior View Right Lateral View C2 Superior articular process and facet Spinous process Superior articular process Body Inferior articular process Vertebral foramen Spinous process Inferior articular process and facet Transverse process Transverse foramen Transverse process Cervical Body Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Vertebral foramen Transverse process Body Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior articular process and facet Inferior notch Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Thoracic Body Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Transverse process Superior articular process Body Inferior vertebral notch Superior articular process and facet Inferior articular process and facet Spinous process Lumbar Body 15

Figure 9.16 Sacrum and coccyx. Sacral promontory Facet of superior articular process Body Sacral canal Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Auricular surface Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Posterior sacral foramina Apex Sacral hiatus Coccyx Coccyx Anterior view Posterior view 16

Figure 9.17 The thoracic cage. Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum Xiphisternal joint True ribs (1–7) Xiphoid process T2 Jugular notch T3 T4 Sternal angle T5 Heart False ribs (8–12) Xiphisternal joint T9 Intercostal spaces L1 Vertebra Costal cartilage Floating ribs (11, 12) Costal margin 17

Figure 9.18 Structure of a typical true rib and its articulations. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Articular facet on tubercle of rib Angle of rib Spinous process Body of vertebra Head of rib Shaft Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Transverse costal face (for tubercle of rib) Tubercle of rib Ligaments Shaft Sternum Neck of rib Cross section of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Costal groove Costal cartilage Articular facet on tubercle Facets for articulation with vertebrae Shaft Head Neck Junction with costal cartilage Costal groove Angle of rib 18

Figure 9.19 Skull of a newborn. Occipital bone Frontal bone Posterior fontanelle Parietal bone Sphenoidal fontanelle Ossification center Ossification center Posterior fontanelle Parietal bone Anterior fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Frontal bone Frontal suture Occipital bone Anterior Temporal bone (squamous part) Superior view Left lateral view Anterior fontanelle Anterior fontanelle Parietal bone Frontal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Frontal bone Sphenoidal fontanelle Occipital bone Maxilla Sphenoidal fontanelle Temporal bone (squamous part) Mastoid fontanelle Mandible Anterior view Left lateral view 19