The Kingdom Protista Chapter 19

20-1 The Kingdom Protista 1. Protists are defined less by what they are and more what they are not. 2. A protist is not a plant, animal, fungus or prokaryote.

“Left-Over” Kingdom JUNK DRAWER! Where scientists put everything that does not fit somewhere else!

What Protists ARE 3. Protist: Eukaryotes that are not members of the kindgom Plantae, Animalia or Fungi 4. Most unicellular Have a nucleus

Protists

The Kingdom “Protista” 5. Protist’ formal name is “Protista”, which comes from the Greek words meaning “the very first” 6. This is fitting to them because the first eukaryotes to appear on Earth, 1.5 billion years ago, were protists.

Decomposer or Parasites 7. How They Get Their Food Protist Type How they get their food Example Heterotroph Animal-like Cannot make their own food – must ingest Zooflagellates Sarcodine Ciliates Autotroph Plant-like Ability to make their own food Euglenophytes Chrysophytes Diatoms Decomposer or Parasites Fungus-like Absorb nutrients from dead and decaying organisms Slime molds Water Molds

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

Decomposers or Parasite

Zoomastigina Common Name: zooflagellates Movement: One or two flagella Food: Heterotroph Absorb food through cell membrane Reproduction: Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis Sexually by meiosis Where: Aquatic environments Example: Leisgmania donovani

Zooflagellates

Sarcodina Common Name: Sarcodines Movement: Pseudopods Temporary cytoplasmic projections “False Foot” Food: Surround meal and then ingest Reproduction: Mitosis and cytokinesis Where: Warmer regions of oceans Example: Amoeba

Sarcodines

Ciliophora Common Name: Ciliates Movement: Cilia Food: Heterotroph Hairlike projections that work like oars to help the ciliate move and capture food Food: Heterotroph Reproduction: Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis Sexually by conjugation Where: Fresh and Salt Water Example: Paramecium

Ciliates

Sporozoans Common Name: Sporozoa Movement: Cannot move on their own Food: Feed on other organisms Reproduction: Sporozoites Where: Variety of other organisms Worms, fish, birds and humans Example: Plasmodium

Sporozoans

Protista 8. The different types of protists are classified by how they get their food Plant-like (Autotroph) Animal-like (Heterotroph) Fungi-like (Decomposer or Parasite)

Pseudopods 9. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections Extend out beyond the central mass of the cell Cytoplasm streams into the pseudopod The rest of the cell follow

Cilia 10. Cilia are tiny hair-like projections similar to flagella The beating of the cilia are like the pull or hundreds of oars on an old ship Propels cell rapidly through the water

Food Vacuole Small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food Food is rapidly digested and passed to the rest of the cell Undigestible food is stored until can be released

12. Contractile vs Food Vacuole Contractile vacuole: Specialize to collect water so the cell does not burst Food Vacuole: Specializes in storing food Differ in what they store

Ciliates 13. A ciliate needs two types of nuclei because: Macronucleus: “working library” of genetic information Multiple copies of genetic material needed day to day Micronucleus: contain “reserve copy” of the cell’s genetic material

14. During conjugation two cells exchange genetic material Occurs under stress to help increases genetic diversity NOTHING NEW IS FORMED!

Protozoa 15. Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping sickness.

Malaria 16. Cycle of malarial infection (Plasmodium) Only carried by female mosquito Infected mosquito bites human Mosquito’s saliva enter blood stream Infects liver and blood cells and multiplies rapidly Many strains are resistant to drugs

Symbiotic relationships Termite and protist in intestine 17.Benefits to Humans Symbiotic relationships Termite and protist in intestine Recycle dead and decaying organisms

Symbiosis vs Mutualism Symbiosis: Close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits Mutualism: When both partners benefit from living together

Clown fish and sea anemone Symbiosis Example Clown fish and sea anemone

Plant-Like Protists Unicellular Algae

18. Four Phlya of Unicellular Algae Euglenophyta (euglenophytes) Chrysophytes (yellow-green and golden-green algae) “Golden Plants) Bacillariophyta (diatoms) Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

Plant-like Protists 19. One of the key traits used to classify algae is the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain. 20. Algae have adapted to deeper water by evolving to have different types of chlorophyll This attracts the different types/colors of light that reach the deeper areas

21. Euglenophytes A. Eyespot: Helps organism find sunlight to power photosynthesis B. Pellicle: Cell membrane Tough and flexible, letting euglenas crawl through mud when not enough water to swim

22. Chrysophyta means “Golden Plants” 23. They get this name because they have gold-colored chloroplasts

Diatoms 24. The most abundant and beautiful organisms on Earth 25. Diatoms get their glass-like appearance because they contain silicon The same substance that makes up glass

Dinoflagellates 26. Dinoflagellates get their food by both heterotroph and autotrophs Use flagella to capture food and then ingest Make their own food with photosyntheiss

Luminescent Dinoflagellates 27. When agitated by sudden movement, they give off light.

What are Phytoplankton? 28. Phytoplankton are small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean The provide direct nourishment for organisms from shrimp to whales About half the photosynthesis on Earth carried out by phytoplankton

Fungus-Like Protists Pages 516-520

Examples of Fungus-Like Protists 34. Two examples are: Slime Molds Water Molds

35. Slime Molds A. Found in places that are damp and rich in organic matter (ex: floor of forest) B. Two groups recognnized are cellular slime molds and acellular slime molds C. They are difficult to classify as unicellular or multicellular because they can be both in their life cycle

Slime Mold

36. Water Molds A. Live on dead or decaying organic matter in water or parasites on land B. Reproduce both sexually and asexaully in their lifecycle (Spores) Hyphae: Thin filaments that develop into zoosporangia and used with reproduction

Water Mold

Recyclers 37. Slime molds and water molds are important as recyclers because they help things “rot”. They help break down dead and decaying organisms and make sure they do not litter the ground

38. Water Mold and Famine Water mold attacked potatoes Farmers used it as a staple in their food Basically destroyed all their food