Technical Services Nutritionist: NORAM The Use of Mintrex Organic Trace Minerals in Layer & Breeder Production P. Welch, MS, PhD, PAS Technical Services Nutritionist: NORAM pat.welch@novusint.com

Presentation Overview Overview of physical and chemical properties of Mintrex trace minerals Review trace mineral requirements Relative bioavailability of Mintrex vs. other OTM’s and ITM’s Other benefits associated with the use of Mintrex trace minerals Review trial results… Layer/Breeder/Turkeys

Key Mintrex Opportunities Layers/Breeders Egg production Shell quality Hatchability Immune enhancement Progeny health

Zn, Cu, Mn essential for egg shell formation Ca Calcification of a collagen/keratin matrix depends on enzymatic cofactors Mn  glycosyl transferase & alkaline phosphatase Cu  lysyl oxidase Z n  carbonic anhydrase

NRC & Layer Recommendations (ppm in feed) Zn Cu Mn Lohmann 60 5 100 Hy-Line 88 11 Isa Brown 8 70 NRC - 94 40 ? Industry 50-85 6 - 9 50 - 85 5.5 6 35 20 Leeson (2005) 50 50 – 80 5 - 15 70 - 120 EU max poultry (natural content raw materials + added OTM or ITM) 150 25 Layers Pullets EU 5

Mintrex Recommendations for Poultry

 coordinate covalent bonds Mintrex Overview X-ray crystallography: Zn-O bond lengths 2.0 to 2.1 Å  coordinate covalent bonds

Mintrex Trace Minerals are Protected from Antagonist Phytate Other macro and trace minerals Protected from acidic pH http://www.admani.com/Beef/Beef%20Technical%20Bulletins/Beef%20Feed%20Tag%20How%20to%20read%20it.htm

Prevents Chelation by Antagonists

MINTREX® - A Better Bond at Low pH Degree of Chelate Stability in Solution Computer model by W.R. Harris, University of Missouri, 2003

Model for Mineral Delivery and Absorption Metallothionein or ZnAlbumin

Differences in bioavailability between sources

Slope Ratio Analysis MINTREX® vs Slope Ratio Analysis MINTREX® vs. Zn Sulfate … Relative Bioavailability (RBV) Tibia Zinc Small Intestinal Metallothionine (MT) MINTREX Tibia Zn (µg) MINTREX ZnSO4 MT mRNA ZnSO4 Supplemental Zn intake, mg Supplemental Zn Intake (mg) Y = 113.7 + 8.66X1 +13.93X2 Y = 1.82 + 0.92X1 + 2.28X2 m1 vs. m2: P = 0.001 (RBV) = 161% m1 vs. m2: P = 0.009 RBV = 248% Richards et al., 2012

Relative bioavailability of MINTREX® was even higher in the presence of phosphorus antagonist (1.2% P04) Tibia Zinc Small Intestinal MT MINTREX Tibia Zn (µg) MINTREX MT mRNA ZnSO4 ZnSO4 Supplemental Zn intake, mg Supplemental Zn Intake (mg) Y = 111.5 + 2.893X1 +12.774X2 Y = 0.41 + 0.922X1 + 3.925X2 m1 vs. m2 : P = 0.006 m1 vs. m2 : P = 0.004 RBV = 441% RBV = 426% Richards et al., 2012

Zinc Bioavailability Trial in Broilers Broilers on a milo-soy depletion diet for 13 days… Placed on corn-soy treatment diets on day 14: Control 35 ppm Zn from ingredients Zinc Sulfate +70 ppm Zn Zinc Proteinate (Bioplex) +70 ppm Zn Zn MAAC (Glycinate) +70 ppm Zn Zn AA Complex (Availa) +70 ppm Zn True chelate (MINTREX®) +70 ppm Zn Jejunum samples collected on day 16 for MT assay

MT Assay Results of Different Zn Sources MINTREX MAAC BIOPLEX Proteinate = Alltech Bioplex AAC = Availa Zn AVAILA S04 Ing Richards et al., 2012

Improved Immunity and Reduced Oxidative Stress

A strengthened immune response Set Up: North East US producer Layers, 51 to 61 w Control group (ITM): 80 ppm Zn : 8 ppm Cu: 100 ppm Mn MINTREX®: “ on top” : + 20 ppm Zn: 10 ppm Cu: 20 ppm Mn p = 0.02 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 ITM MINTREX® Newcastle disease 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 ITM MINTREX® Infectious Bronchitis Average titer Average titer Enhanced development of anti-body titers for IBR & NCD CV = 38.4 The good immunity during the egg production is very important because the main diseases are viral and the amount of antibiotics in her production is limited. As we can see in this trial, the birds eating Mintrex had a better immunity, better titers against bronchitis and Newcastle disease. CV = 12.8 CV = 13.2 CV = 54.8 Ref. Internal Novus Trial Better health and welfare status 18

Higher resistance to oxidative stress Plasma lipid peroxide (µmol/ml) 18 p < 0.01 a b 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 - Contro (No added TM) ITM 30:5:20 AA complex 30:5:20 MINTREX® 30:5:20 Reduces the potential for oxidative tissue damage Measuring the level of oxidized forms of lipids from blood is a method to measure oxidative stress: it reflects the extent of oxidative damage in the bird. Battery study in broilers. LPO levels were measured on day 29 post-hatch using a commercially-available kit (Cayman Chemical). Use of Mintrex significantly reduced the peroxide levels indicating a reduced level of oxidative stress. Richards et al. (2010) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23(11):1527-1534 Egg contains 4.5 g of fat Better health and welfare status Better health and welfare status 19

OMRI Approved

MINTREX® Cu in Feed Conversion - Brazil Performance day 1 - 42 T1 x T2: P=0.0882 Inor x Org: P=0.0801 3.5 pts Sulfate MINTREX Cu (ppm) 120 30 60 Sulfate MINTREX Cu (ppm) 120 30 60

Use of Mintrex® Trace Minerals in Turkeys Pat Welch, MSc, PhD, PAS Technical Services Nutritionist pat.welch@novusint.com

NRC and Breeder Recommendations (ppm in feed) Zn Cu Mn NRC - 1994 40-70 6-8 60 Hybrid 120-160 10-15 Nicolas 10-20 Industry 80-120 25-125 40 8 Cobb 100 15 Aviagen 16 120 Hubbard 70-80 10 70-100 8-125 70 - 100 EU max poultry (natural content raw materials + added OTM or ITM) 150 25 Broilers Turkeys NRC is commonly used as a baseline for formulation but does not take into account effects like stress on requirements. All requirements performed years ago using only ITM as the standards. EU 23

Mintrex Recommendations for Poultry Class of Poultry Zn Cu* Mn Broilers 40 10 50 Layers Breeders 15 60 Turkeys Novus Recommendations , ppm * Use 30 ppm Mintrex Cu when ITM copper levels are = or > 100 ppm … Mintrex Levels Megharaja Manangi 5/28/2015 You have different recommendations than Novus suggested like 32-8-32 for layers. It should be OK as long as you convince.I see that you want to keep it same for borilers and layers. I agree that Novus in general suggest the same strategy for broielrs and layers like 32-8-32 (as guidelines)

Mintrex P Improved Turkey Leg and Footpads (20 wks – 2lbs Mintrex P Improved Turkey Leg and Footpads (20 wks – 2lbs./Ton Mintrex P on top) – 42 lb. Toms 0.82 40Zn:20Cu:40Mn

Mintrex P Improved Cortical Bone Width and Bone Breaking Strength

Mintrex P Se significantly reduced total leg problems (Varus + Valgus + Shaky leg) Zn& Mn: 150-90 ppm Cu: 145 Mtx: 40-20-40 Blend 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 12 weeks 15 weeks 17 weeks 20 weeks % Leg problem incidence Control Mintrex Pse P=.001 P=.0001 P=.008 These improvements are due to the inclusion of Mintrex Pse compared to the Control, both without HyD. See decreases in lameness associated with Varus, valgus and shaky leg. Varus and valgus can lead to slipped tendon, has been associated with Mn (?) in the past Interestingly there was NO TD in this trial so we couldn’t evaluate any effects there Ferket et. al. (2009)

Mintrex PSe increased tibia breaking strength when combined with HyD

Mintrex PSe significantly improved feed conversion 2.82 2.80 P= 0.009 2.78 2.76 2.78 2.74 We also saw 4 pts feed conversion due strictly to the inclusion of Mintrex Pse. Believe this is not a direct result of mineral nutrition, but rather the result of reducing lameness in these birds. 2.72 2.74 2.70 2.68 Control Mintrex Pse

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