Chapter 3 Human Geography

Ch 3 Section 1 Words to Know page 58 in the textbook Population **Birth rate **Death rate Rate of natural increase Population density Urbanization **Demographer- someone that studies the characteristics of populations Habitable lands Urban Rural

The geography of population Population is the total number of people who live in a specific area. The population of the world is over 7 billion

Measuring growth Geographers measure population growth by figuring out how many people have been born and how many have died, how many have moved into and how many have moved out of a specific area. Birth rate- measures the number of births per year per 1,000 Death rate- measures the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. The rate of natural increase- the death rate is subtracted from the birth rate, this is the population growth that results from natural processes of birth and death.

Chapter 3 Section 3 Resources and Economics

Natural resources These are things that are found in nature that are necessary or useful to humans Forests Mineral deposits Fresh water Necessary for economic development

Types of resources Unlimited Renewable Non-Renewable Resources used to produce energy Sunlight, geothermal heat, winds and tides. Always available no matter what amount is used Renewable Can be replaced through natural processes Trees, animals, other living things. Can be lost if they are used faster than they are replaced Non-Renewable Can’t be replaced once they have been removed from the ground Can be used up! Metals (gold, iron) fossil fuels (oil and coal) Once they are used up, these resources are gone forever.

Economic Systems Economy- consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. Economies exist at the local, regional, national and international levels Economic Systems- are different ways that people use resources to make and exchange goods and services.

4 Basic economic systems Traditional Goods and services are traded, but money is rarely exchanged. Called “barter” system and is the oldest economic system…..not used much today. Command Is one in which production of goods and services are decided by a central government. The government usually owns most of the resources and businesses that make the products or provide the services. This type of economy is also called a “planned” economy Market When the production of goods and services is determined by the supply and demand of consumers. It is also known as a “demand” economy, or CAPITALISM. This is the type of economy in the United States Mixed In this economy, a combination of command and market economies provides goods and services.

Measuring Economic Growth Gross Domestic Product (GDP) This measures the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year. Countries are divided into two categories based on economic development Developing- low GDP (few economic activities) Developed Nations- high GDP (many economic activities)

World Trade Exports-Products or resources sold to other countries Imports-Products or resources that come into a country Specialization-focusing on producing and selling one or two products Raw materials- low cost items, developing countries specialize in raw materials while developed nations focus on high- level tech items.

Chapter 3 Section 4 Why We Need Government Government- is an organization set up to make and enforce rules for a group of people A citizen is a person who owes loyalty to a country and receives its protection. A government also acts on behalf of the people when it deals with other countries.

Types of Governments Representative Democracy Officials are elected, citizens hold power People can work to change laws or change representatives through elections USA

Monarchy Ruling family headed by a king, queen or emperor Power may or may not be shared with citizens Saudi Arabia (monarch has complete power) United Kingdom (constitutional monarchy- power of monarchy is limited by a constitution)

Oligarchy A form of government where a small group of people holds power, usually because they are rich. Burma

Dictatorship In a dictatorship an individual has complete political power North Korea

Communism All political power and control of the economy is held by the government, which is controlled by the Communist Party. The government controls all economic goods and services Cuba

Being an active citizen As a citizen in a democracy, you have important responsibilities Obeying the laws Voting Paying taxes Serving on a jury Defending your country (the military) Being an informed voter