NATIONALISM & UNIFICATION IN ITALY AND GERMANY

WHAT IS NATIONALISM? Pride in your country People built nation-states; Loyal to the people w/common bond Those w/single “nationality” should unite Independence displays a nation’s identity Negative: Nationalist movements capable of breaking up huge empires! (i.e. Austro-Hungarian, Russian, & Ottoman Empires) Positive: Nationalism can also build nations

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

ITALY Italy formed from crumbling empire of Kingdom of 2 Sicily’s (North: Austria and South: Spain) 3 leaders with diff. goals & diff. personalities unite Italy Guiseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Guiseppe Garibaldi

THE BOYS Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI 1832, formed YOUNG ITALY (40 yrs. old & younger) Believed nation-states were best hope for Europe But rebellions failed & he was exiled

COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR 1848, people look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister Wants to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power while achieving unification of Italy Cavour not out to unite Italy…only wants power! Takes over all of N. Italy & to take the south, secretly helps nationalist rebels in S. Italy

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI May 1860, he led small army of Italian nationalists to capture Sicily He and his followers always wore bright red shirts  “RED SHIRTS” People (voted) to unite Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia & let King Emmanuel continue ruling 1866, gains Venetia & becomes part of Italy 1870, last part of Italy conquered—Papal States Rome capital; pope governs section of Rome  Vatican City

ITALY’S UNIFICATION Despite unification, major problems People in N & S had different ways of life & different dialects Peasants revolt in South Strikes/riots in North Big economic problems  Italy a poor country

REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEN MAZZINI BEGINS ITALY’S REVOLUTION FOR UNIFICATION CAVOUR UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY GARIBALDI JOINED SOUTHERN ITALY TO NORTHERN ITALY Papal states (including Rome) became last to join Italy

GERMANY AND PRUSSIA

MAIN EMPIRES Like Italy, Germany and Prussia have unity in 1800s 39 German states = German Confederation 2 largest states of Austro-Hungarian & Prussian Empires dominate

PRUSSIA Mostly German population Nationalism high & unites Prussia but tears apart Austria-Hungary Prussia’s army most powerful in central Europe Prussia creates liberal constitution by Wilhelm IV

NEW POWER IN PRUSSIA 1861, Wilhelm I (son of Wilhelm IV) took throne & wanted army to double his power, but parliament refused to give him money Saw it as challenge of his authority, so assigns OTTO VON BISMARCK as prime minister (tough guy)

OTTO VON BISMARCK Institutes REALPOLITIK—“politics of reality,” aka, tough power Parliament not agreeing with him, so went to king & got permission to rule w/o consent of Parliament & w/o legal budget Famous “blood and iron” speech

WHAT ELSE DID BISMARCK DO? 1864, created empire by forming alliance w/Prussia & Austria, fought Denmark for land, & increased nationalism Provoked war between Austria & Prussia  Seven Weeks War Prussia won Venetia (gives it to Italy) & German territories from Austria For 1st time E. & W. parts of Prussia kingdom joined

BISMARCK STARTS A WAR BY GOSSIPING 1867, some German states remained independent, but problem  majority of S. Germans Catholic controlled by Protestant Prussia Bismarck tried to win over southerners, so sent false telegrams of Wilhelm insulting the French  led to Franco-Prussian War (CREATES THE GERMAN STATE!)

WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE NOW? Jan. 18, 1871: King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser (emperor), with German empire known as Second Reich 1815: Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, & Russia By 1871 Britain & Germany most powerful