K. Koda, K. Hyakkoku, K. Ogawa, K. Takasu, S. Imai, Y. Sakurai, M

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Sensitization of TRPV1 by protein kinase C in rats with mono-iodoacetate-induced joint pain K. Koda, K. Hyakkoku, K. Ogawa, K. Takasu, S. Imai, Y. Sakurai, M. Fujita, H. Ono, M. Yamamoto, I. Fukuda, S. Yamane, A. Morita, T. Asaki, T. Kanemasa, G. Sakaguchi, Y. Morioka Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 24, Issue 7, Pages 1254-1262 (July 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010 Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Increased capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior in MIA rats. (A) Time course of changes in hind limb grip strength in sham and MIA rats (F(1,16) = 59.94, P < 0.001 for injection group; F(9144) = 39.79, P < 0.001 for time; F(9144) = 8.16, P < 0.001 for interaction, sham:n = 8, MIA:n = 10). (B) On day 14 after MIA or saline injection, 10 μg of capsaicin or vehicle (10% ethanol in saline) were intra-articularly injected into sham or MIA-treated ipsilateral knee joints, and the response time spent in pain-related behavior was measured for 10 min. Data were analyzed by the Steel–Dwass test (**P = 0.002 vs vehicle-treated sham rats, ††P = 0.009 vs vehicle-treated MIA rats, ##P = 0.002 vs capsaicin-treated sham rats, Sham-Vehicle:n = 9, Sham-Capsaicin:n = 9, MIA-Vehicle:n = 11, MIA-Capsaicin:n = 9). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Capsaicin-induced inward currents in DRG neurons. WGA-Alexa 488 back-labeled DRG neurons from the knee joints of sham and MIA rats were selected and the EC50 of capsaicin-induced inward currents was determined. Capsaicin was cumulatively applied to DRG neurons until the current reached a plateau. (A) EC50 of capsaicin-induced inward currents in DRG neurons was significantly decreased in MIA rats compared with sham rats. (B) Representative traces of capsaicin-induced inward currents from DRG neurons from sham and MIA rats. (C) The current density induced by high concentration of capsaicin (30 μM) remained unchanged between sham and MIA rats. (D) Representative traces of 30-μM capsaicin-induced inward currents from sham and MIA rats. (A, C) Dots indicate results of single DRG neuron (n = 9), and horizontal bars indicate the mean. Data were obtained from four independent experiments, and in each experiment DRG neurons were pooled from three rats. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test (*P = 0.031 vs sham rats). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Western blot analysis of TRPV1 protein expression in DRGs. DRG protein lysates were prepared from the right side L3 and L4 DRGs of rats. Ten micrograms of protein lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by western blot. (A) Representative western blot analysis of TRPV1 (upper) and β-actin (lower). (B) Quantitative results of TRPV1 protein expression. TRPV1 protein expression was quantified as described in the Materials and Methods, and normalized to β-actin levels. Data represent relative expression to sham rats. TRPV1 protein expression in DRG was unchanged between sham and MIA rats. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test (not significant, P = 0.94 vs sham rats, n = 5/group). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 ELISA of phosphorylated TRPV1 in DRGs. (A) Phospho-TRPV1 at Ser502 was unchanged between sham and MIA rats. (B) Increased phospho-TRPV1 at Ser800 in DRG of MIA rats. DRG protein lysates were prepared as described in Fig. 3. Five nanograms of each lysate were analyzed by ELISA. Data represent absorbance at 450 nm obtained by ELISA. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test (**P = 0.002 vs sham rats, n = 6/group). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Increased phosphorylated PKCɛ in DRGs of MIA rats. Ten micrograms of protein lysates, prepared as in Fig. 3, were analyzed by western blot. (A) Representative western blots of phospho-PKCɛ (p-PKCɛ; upper) and total PKCɛ (lower). (B) Quantitative results of phosphorylated PKCɛ levels in DRGs, normalized by total PKCɛ. Data represent relative expression to sham rats. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test (**P = 0.008 vs sham rats, n = 5/group). (C) Immunohistochemical analysis of phospho-PKCɛ and TRPV1 in DRG neurons of MIA rats. Expression of TRPV1 (green, 29 ± 4.4% of DRG neurons) and phospho-PKCɛ (red, 82 ± 6.7% of DRG neurons), and merged image (yellow, 19 ± 3.2% of DRG neurons) in DRG of MIA rats are indicated. Figure shows a representative image from three independent experiments. Scale bar represents 100 μm. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Effect of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors on capsaicin-induced, pain-related behavior in MIA rats. Data were analyzed by the Steel–Dwass test. (A) Pre-administration of PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS), inhibited the capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior in MIA rats (*P = 0.012 vs vehicle-treated sham rats, n = 9/group). (B) Pre-administration of PKA inhibitor, KT5720, did not inhibit the capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior in MIA rats (†P = 0.014 vs vehicle-treated sham rats, #P = 0.011 vs KT5720-treated sham rats, Sham-Vehicle:n = 6, Sham-KT5720:n = 6, MIA-Vehicle:n = 7, MIA-KT5720:n = 8). (A, B) Ten micrograms of capsaicin were intra-articularly injected into sham or MIA-treated ipsilateral knee joints, and the duration of pain-related behavior was recorded for 10 min. BIS (5 nmol) and KT5720 (10 nmol) were pre-administered intra-articularly 1 h before capsaicin injection. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on capsaicin-induced, pain-related behavior in normal rats. Ten picomoles of PMA or vehicle (10% ethanol in saline) were administered intra-articularly 15 min before capsaicin injection. Ten micrograms of capsaicin were injected intra-articularly, and the duration of pain-related behavior was recorded for 10 min. Data were analyzed by the Steel–Dwass test (**P = 0.006 vs vehicle treated with vehicle injection group, ##P = 0.003 vs PMA treated with vehicle injection group, ††P = 0.006 vs vehicle treated with capsaicin injection group, Vehicle–Vehicle:n = 7, Vehicle-Capsaicin:n = 8, PMA-Vehicle:n = 8, PMA-Capsaicin:n = 9). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2016 24, 1254-1262DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.010) Copyright © 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions