Chapter 14
Westward Expansion 1850: half of Americans under 30 Population doubling every 25 years
Pioneers Hard lives Spread out Harsh living conditions
Environmental Impacts Exhausted land, moved on Beaver and buffalo almost extinct “ecological imperialism” George Gatlin- 1872
US Growing 1860: 13 states to 33 US 4th most populous in the world (Russia, France, Austria)
Urban Growth 1790: 2 cities w/ over 20,000 people 1860: 43
Urbanization brings problems No infrastructure Cities poorly laid out Impure water, sewage problems Animals
Growth in population: Birth rate Immigration (Europe)
Irish Potato famine (2 million people dead) Settle in the east (NY and Boston) 2 million immigrated b/w 1830-60
Germans 1830-60: 1.5 million Mostly farmers and some political refugees Influenced American culture: Christmas trees Public education (kindergarten) Anti-slavery
Nativism and Antiforeignism “outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm” the native Americans Jobs Catholic v. Protestant- schools
Industrial Revolution
Technological Advancements in America Textile machines Steam engines Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) Cotton gin (Eli Whitney) Canals (Erie) Railroads Telegraph Factories (Samuel Slater)
Shift in America Subsistence farming to producing goods Entrepreneurs
Lowell System Young women 8 hrs/day Town built around a factory
http://www.apushreview.com/new-ap-curriculum/period-4-1800-1848/
Cultural Trends during TP #4 2nd Great Awakening Women’s Rights Utopian Societies Transcendentalism
Causes of the 2nd Great Awakening Late 1700s-early 1800s: “religious liberalism” Deism Unitarianism
The 2nd Great Awakening 1800-1820ish Begun in the south, spread throughout country “camp meetings”
“feminization of religion” Membership and participation
Itinerant Preachers Charles Finney
Religious diversity Methodist and Baptist churches split over slavery Mormons/LDS
Mormon Leaders
2nd Great Awakening: Religious revival in response to liberalism Early 1800s Feminization of religion Itinerant preachers “Religious variety”
Women’s Rights Education Participation in reform movements Equality/Seneca Falls
Education Too much education “injured the feminine brain, undermined health, and rendered a young lady unfit for marriage”
Higher education for women Oberlin College Mount Holyoke College
Reform Movements Spurred by 2nd Great Awakening Debtors, criminals, mentally challenged
Dorothea Dix Campaigned against “insane asylums”
Gender differences Women: Could not vote Could be beaten by husband with a “reasonable instrument” Did not retain property rights “Cult of domesticity”
Move towards equality 10% of women remained “spinsters”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Refused to say “obey” in her marriage vows
Susan B. Anthony One of the most aggressive and famous
Elizabeth Blackwell First female graduate of medical school
Lucy Stone Kept maiden name
Amelia Bloom “Gibbey, gibbey gab The women had a confab And demanded the rights To wear the tights Gibbery, gibbey gab”
Seneca Falls Convention New York- 1848 Declaration of Sentiments “all men and women are created equal” Right to vote for women
Abolition Harriet Beecher Stowe
Utopian Societies “lunatic fringe”
Oneida Community Free love (“complex marriage”) Birth control Eugenic selection of parents
Shakers Monastic customs- no marriage Died out
Transcendentalism Truth cannot be found by observation alone, every person possesses an inner light that will illuminate truth. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
Walden: Or, Life in the Woods “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms.”