Immediate activity No notes, no textbooks, no discussion True or false? Secondary deviance refers to less important acts of deviance. True or false? Cicourel argues that justice is not fixed, it is negotiated. In Cloward and Ohlin’s view there are three different types of subculture, what are they and why are there different types? Lemart argues that ‘social control leads to social deviance’ what does he mean by this?

The Marxist approach to Crime and Deviance: Finally and explanation for White collar and corporate crime? By the end of this lesson you should be able to: E=Define key Marxist terminology in relation to crime and deviance D=Explain basic Marxist assumptions about the legal structure C=Understand and be able to explain in depth who according Marxists controls the justice system and why B= and above= Begin to critically evaluate the Marxist perspective

Ruling class (B) Working class (P) I would like the class to divide into 2… I am going to give you a badge Ruling class (B) Working class (P)

Starter questions The Bourgeoisie OWN what? What type of theory is Marxism? For Marxists, what explains crime? 1 mark each- 3 minutes – quick knowledge checker

Marxists argue that crime is caused by CRIMINOGENIC CAPITALISM If you are a P I would like you to write down a reason you may commit crime in this Capitalist society If you are a B I would like you to write down why you commit crime in this Capitalist society- 5 minutes

Captialism is criminogenic Identify 3 ways in which capitalism can be seen as criminogenic (6 marks) You must make 3 clear and separate points You must make it clear that the criminogenic nature of capitalism applies to all social classes

But I thought only the working class committed crimes? I mean…who would you stop and search? Stephen Hammond used a company based in Gibraltar, before it moved to Delaware, to buy his family’s £500,000 villa in Portugal. By not owning the villa directly, in his own name, he was able to reduce his tax bill in both Britain and Portugal and not pay £20 000 of UK tax

We need to remember Capitalism is a ‘dog-eat-dog’ system What do we mean by this? RUTHLESS COMPETITION BIG EGOs and ‘reputations’ Mentality of GREED

Law making, according to Functionalists, reflect the VALUE CONSENSUS What is Value Consensus? Does the law reflect this? Who does Marxist see the law as serving? 6 minutes- knowledge checker

Marxist argues the law serves the interests of the capitalist class… Chambliss (1975) argues the main cornerstone of the capitalist economy are laws that protect private property Snider (1993) – capitalist state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses as they don’t want to affect profitability

2) The law reflects ruling class interests Read the section on the state and law making on page 88 carefully and answer the following question: How does the study of East Africa by Chambliss support the traditional Marxist view of crime?

2) The law reflects ruling class interests Now read the example from Snider ( further info is on your case studies sheet) and add a modern example into your answer to the previous question.

3) Selective law enforcement? Disproportionately higher rates of street crimes prosecuted than white collar crimes such as fraud/ health and safety violations How do your case studies support this point? Task: Choose 1 and explain how it supports the traditional Marxist argument of selective law enforcement. Stretch and challenge: What would the Marxist view on crime statistics be? How does this vary from other perspectives we have looked at? How is the Marxist view on stats similar to a theory we have looked at?

4) Crime and the law serve ideological functions Write on your white boards, individually, how it does this….. 4) Crime and the law serve ideological functions Protects private property and business, preventing the loss of profit The law benefits the capitalist class as it performs ideological functions Laws are occasionally passed that appear to benefit working class, e.g. health and safety laws. Even though they are keeping them fit for the work place It is selectively enforced- it appears to be a working class phenomenon- so working class blame each other and do not think it is linked to Capitalism at all Key term: False consciousness is a term that Marxists use to describe a particular state of mind that prevents a person from recognizing the injustice of their current situation. According to Marxists, this state of mind prevents individuals from combining their efforts and taking action to have a better life than they currently have.

Traditional Marxist theory has influenced modern day thinkers… Slapper and Tombs (1999) argue corporate crime is under policed, therefore almost encouraging companies to use crime to make profit, this ties in with the concept of selective law enforcement

What are the criticisms? Can you decide the criticisms of Traditional Marxism from the following pictures…

Marxism and crime- Assessing your knowledge Without looking in your notes complete the sentences on traditional Marxist explanations of crime and deviance.. The 4 basic assumptions of traditional Marxism are….. 1) Capitalism is… criminogenic 2) The law reflects.. ruling class interests 3) The law is.. selectively enforced and applied to the benefit of the ruling class 4) The law serves an…. Ideological function, as by focusing on working class crime it appears as if crime is a working class problem and by occasionally focusing on isolated middle class crimes/ and laws which appear to beneficial for w/c it appears as the law is working and targets and protects the right people while actually allowing m/c to continue committing crime and remaining in positions of power. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45707227

Assessing Marxist ideas How do Marxists see Capitalism as Criminogenic and crime as inevitable Law serving the Capitalist class rather than value consensus Main aspects of tradition Marxism; selective law enforcement, ideological functions, manipulation of values (false sense of security), crime being a ‘working class phenomenon’ Evaluate this using the criticisms and the neo-Marxist view of voluntarism

The NEO – MARXISTS responded to some of these criticisms The New Criminology (1973) Taylor et al Describe their approach as CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY

Voluntarism vs. Determinism Traditional Neo Marxism Neo Marxism agrees that Capitalism can be seen as the cause of crime but it disagrees with traditional Marxists about the motivation for people to commit crime. Can you describe, using these two words, their difference in opinion from last lesson? – 5 minutes

Remember…the idea of criminals being modern day ROBIN HOODS… Taylor et al argues; 1) people CHOOSE to commit crime 2) crime often has a political motive- redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor 3) individuals should not be labelled deviant- they choose to behave the way they do.

Taylor et al’s main aim- to create a ‘fully social theory of deviance’ 6 points Includes traditional Marxist ideas and Labelling theory A2 Sociology. Webb et all (2009) p90 to revise these

Consider the criticisms of this theory… Modern day ROBIN HOODS? Ignore effects on working class victims It’s ‘gender blind’ Over-romanticises crime

What we’ll be heading towards Read Item A below and answer the question that follows. Item A Marxist sociologists explain capitalist society by focusing on social class and class divisions. For Marxists, therefore, crime can be seen as a reaction against an unequal society. Crime is not the fault of the individual but is linked to their social position and the unequal distribution of wealth in society. This means that the working class is more likely to need to commit crime. The police are also more likely to target areas where the working class live. On the other hand, white-collar and other middle-class crimes often go unnoticed or unpunished. Other sociologists argue that blaming capitalism means that those who commit crimes are thus not seen as responsible for their actions. Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess different Marxist views of the relationship between crime and social class. (30 marks)