Ch. 5 Secession & Civil War MS Studies Ch. 5 Ch. 5 Secession & Civil War

Slavery Slavery was viewed as a potential problem dating back to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution By 1819, slavery was the primary political issue in the U.S.

The Missouri Compromise 1819 U.S. had 22 states. 11 free states. 11 slave states Free State – State that did not allow slavery Slave State – State that did allow slavery Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state Intense debates erupted in U.S. Congress Missouri Compromise was created. Missouri was admitted as slave state Maine admitted as a free state Slavery forbidden in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30’ N

Missouri Compromise Map

Missouri Compromise Map

Antislavery Movement 1817 American Colonization Society formed. Offered to send free blacks back to Africa (Liberia) MS Colonization Society formed 1831. Many people wanted to end slavery, but no person knew the proper way.

Nullification Crisis & States’ Rights States’ Rights – the principle that the rights of the individual state should prevail over the rights of the federal government. Many southerners believed deeply in states’ rights 1832 South Carolina challenged the U.S. tariff saying that they had the right as a state to nullify this U.S. law. S. Carolina threatened to secede A compromise reduced the tariff, but a law was passed that denied the states the right to nullify a national law Mississippians were divided on this issue.

The Compromise of 1850 1846 U.S. gained new lands from Mexico and the Missouri Compromise did not apply to them. By 1850 California was ready for statehood & wanted to be free. Issue was raised “FREE or SLAVE” Compromise of 1850 solved the issue California admitted as free state Slavery in new territories would be determined by Popular Sovereignty (means a vote by those living there) South got a stronger fugitive slave law

Compromise of 1850

Slavery Issues Kansas-Nebraska Act passed 1854 Said Pop. Sovereignty would decide slavery issue Led to violence and wars known as “Bleeding Kansas” or “Border War” 1854 Republican Party created to stop expansion of slavery 1857 Supreme Court rules that Dred Scott was property and that slavery could expand into territories. 1859 John Brown leads a raid against an armory at Harper’s Ferry Virginia. He hoped to start a slave revolt, but he was captured and executed

John Brown

Dred Scott

Harper’s Ferry

MS & Secession Mississippians were divided. They loved the U.S., but also loved slavery. Secession (withdrawal from the Union) was not accepted by most Mississippians during the 1850’s. They wanted U.S. Congress to protect slavery By 1859 most Mississippians felt like secession was the only answer to the slave question.

1860 Presidential Election Democrats divided Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge (U.S. Vice President) Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas Constitution Party nominated John Bell Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln Lincoln won the election (Breckenridge carried the south)

Election of 1860 Candidates Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrats) John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) Abraham Lincoln (Republican) John Bell (Constitutional Party)

Secession Dec. 20, 1860 South Carolina seceded from the union MS called a state convention. MS delegates voted 84 – 15 in favor of secession Jan. 9, 1861 MS became 2nd state to secede from the Union AL, GA, FL, LA, & TX followed. Feb. 1861 delegates from each state met in Montgomery, AL and formed the Confederate States of America (new government) Jefferson Davis was selected as the President & Montgomery, AL was the capital When VA seceded from the Union, the capital was moved to Richmond, VA.

Secession Map

Jefferson Davis

Confederate Flags Confederate Flag Confederate Flag 1865- 1861-1863 Navy Jack Confederate Battle Flag Confederate Flag 1863-1865

War Begins April 1861, Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina when a resupply is attempted. President Lincoln called for troops to put down the rebellion. VA, NC, TN, & AR seceded. Both sides thought they could win South had better leaders & thought foreign nations would support them North had more people and resources than the south.

Fort Sumter War Begins

Fort Sumter Aftermath

U.S. Leaders

Confederate Leaders Gen. Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis (Eastern Front) Gen. Albert Johnston (Western Front)

MS River The MS River was a key component to the Union’s success during the war. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commanded Union forces in the West Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston commanded Confederate troops in the West. March 1862 Gen. Johnston is defending Corinth, MS. Gen. Grant has a fort at Shiloh (TN).

Ulysses S. Grant