Fig. 4. Specific antibiotics reduce fecal biomass in mice and humans.

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Fig. 4. Specific antibiotics reduce fecal biomass in mice and humans. Specific antibiotics reduce fecal biomass in mice and humans. (A) Unweighted UniFrac principal coordinates analysis of the murine fecal microbiota at baseline (day 0) and 30 days after treatment of mice orally with two nonabsorbed antibiotics (vancomycin and neomycin), PEG, or a combination of both (ABX/PEG). (B) Fecal bacterial load quantified by 16S rRNA gene copy number polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in five healthy human subjects at baseline and days 2, 3, 4, 8, and 11 during and after a 3-day treatment with three oral antibiotics (rifaximin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and metronidazole). (C) Unweighted UniFrac principal coordinates analysis of fecal microbiota composition in the samples collected from five healthy human subjects as described in (B). (D) Fecal bacterial load quantified by 16S rRNA gene copy number PCR (per gram of stool) and anaerobic culture [colony-forming units (CFU) per gram of stool)] in healthy human subjects, who received a bowel-cleansing protocol of oral antibiotics (neomycin and vancomycin) for 72 hours and a PEG purge initiated at 36 hours. n = 5, means ± SD; statistical analysis performed using two-tailed paired Student’s t tests of log-transformed data, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. qPCR, quatitative PCR. Josephine Ni et al., Sci Transl Med 2017;9:eaah6888 Published by AAAS