Ian D. Simpson, BSc DM, Robert L. Norris, MD 

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Presentation transcript:

Snakes of Medical Importance in India: Is the Concept of the “Big 4” Still Relevant and Useful?  Ian D. Simpson, BSc DM, Robert L. Norris, MD  Wilderness & Environmental Medicine  Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 2-9 (March 2007) DOI: 10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1 Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The Russell's viper (Daboia russelii). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2007 18, 2-9DOI: (10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1) Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2007 18, 2-9DOI: (10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1) Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 The Indian or spectacled cobra (Naja naja). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2007 18, 2-9DOI: (10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1) Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The common krait (Bungarus caeruleus). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2007 18, 2-9DOI: (10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1) Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 The hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2007 18, 2-9DOI: (10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1) Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Comparison of the head scalation of Echis carinatus (a) compared to Hypnale hypnale (b). Note the multiple tiny scales running between the eyes in Echis compared to the large plates in Hypnale. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2007 18, 2-9DOI: (10.1580/06-WEME-CO-023R1.1) Copyright © 2007 Wilderness Medical Society Terms and Conditions