The Universe Chapter 25.3

The Expanding Universe

DOPPLER EFFECT The Change in wavelength of a wave that is emitted from a source that is moving away or toward an object. SOUND Doppler Demo: http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/doppler/doppler.html Siren Sound: http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~efortin/thesis/html/Doppler.shtml Moving Ambulance: http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/dopplereff.htm

LIGHT In Astronomy, the Doppler effect is used to determine whether a star is moving away from or toward Earth Movement is determined by the length and color of the wave

Moving toward  appears more blue because wavelength is shorter… Moving toward  appears more blue because wavelength is shorter….BLUE SHIFT Moving away  appears more red because wavelength is longer…….RED SHIFT

HUBBLE’S LAW Galaxies are moving away from Earth at a speed that is proportional to their distance. Hubble observed that galaxies that were farthest from Earth were moving at the fastest speeds These galaxies had a greater red shift Video

THE BIG BANG Theory states that at one time, the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot, supermassive ball. Then about 13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred, hurling this material in all directions.

galaxies: large scale groups of stars, dust, & gas held together by gravity there are 50 billion-1 trillion galaxies we are in the Milky Way galaxy Andromeda is the next nearest galaxy (over 2 light years away)

The Milky Way Galaxy There may be more than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way! It is about 100,000 light years wide and about 10,000 light-years thick at the nucleus! It has at least three distinct spiral arms. Our solar system is about 30,000 light years from the center! Our solar system orbits the nucleus about every 200 million years!

spiral: bright center of stars with arms spiraling out Types of Galaxies spiral: bright center of stars with arms spiraling out Milky Way is a spiral

Andromeda Galaxy

barred spiral: have a group of stars making a bar through the center

elliptical: shape ranges from spherical to oblong no arms 60% of all galaxies are elliptial

irregular: small, faint stars spread out unevenly with no pattern

Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud