The Call to Arms 15-1 By : Hannah and Emily

Taking Sides in the War 2 days after Fort Sumter’s surrender Lincoln asked the nations governors to raise 75,000 troops Governors from Ohio, Indiana, and several other states begged to send extra troops

More States Secede Not all states were happy about sending troops The governor of Tennessee said his state “will not furnish a single man to fight against our southern brothers” Governors of Kentucky and Missouri stated the same response to Lincoln as well Lincoln’s request made more states secede April 17, Virginia also left In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina left Western counties of Virginia refused to secede

More States Secede 2 In 1863 these fifty counties were admitted to the union as the state of West Virginia

The Border States Delaware had few slave states and strongly supported the Union Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland mainly favored with the South Kentucky was first claimed neutral Kentucky and Missouri were important to controlling the Mississippi and Ohio rivers Union wanted to occupy Kentucky, but Lincoln had said no When Confederate forces invaded Kentucky in September 1861, Kentucky decided to stay with the North

The Border States 2 Lincoln forcefully held Missouri and Maryland Missouri’s government decided to side with the South The Union supporters in Missouri made their own state government Lincoln sent troops to Missouri Missouri stayed in the Union throughout the war Southern sympathizers destroyed railroads and telegraph lines in Maryland Lincoln placed eastern Maryland under martial law Maryland people who were suspected of disloyalties were jailed without trials

Southern Advantages They would be fighting on their own territory Most of the nation’s experienced military officers were southerners The three top generals of the Confederacy were Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, and Robert E. Lee all resigned from the U.S. army to fight for the South

Northern Advantages 1861- the U.S. had about 130,000 factories 110,000 of the factories belonged to the North The North had twice as much farmland and railroads They had a population advantage 2/3 of the people stayed in the Union Were able to feed, field, and equipt larger armies

The Sides Plan Strategies The North wanted to gain control of the Mississippi they also wanted to take control of Richmond, Virginia which was the Confederate capital The South didn’t want to take over the North The Confederates would defend their land until they got tired of fighting

Americans Against Americans The war broke families apart Lincoln’s four brother-in-laws fought for the Confederacy Almost half of the North’s troops were farmers and ¼ were immigrants Some were as young as 14

First Battle of Bull Run Union General Irvan McDowell wanted his soldiers to be good fighters McDonwell’s 30,000 men left Washington and marched to Virginia 25 miles away the same amount of Confederates were waiting in Manassas Hundreds of people came from D.C. to see the battle They expected the Union to win very easily The armies clashed along the Bull Run on July 21 The Bull Run was a river just north of Manassas

First Battle of Bull Run The Union was winning at first Later on the war was being won by the Confederacy The Union and their untrained soldiers as well as the sightseers fled back to Washington The Confederates were to exhausted to go after them

A Soldier's Life Most of the soldiers spent ¾ of their time at camp Up to 10 hours a day were spent on training When the soldiers were not busy training they were either guarding camp, Writing letters back to home, or gathering firewood

Harsh Conditions One major health threat was clean water Conditions were terrible especially when it is wet outside because of the muddy roads and fields There were many outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid fever, and other diseases It was usual for men to be too sick to fight

Prisoners of War Both sides had built prison camps and captured soldiers Nearly 10 percent of soldiers who had died in war were perished in camps Prison camps were deathtraps The worst camps were up in Elmira, New York, and Andersonville The Elmira camp was meant to hold up to 5,000 Confederate prisoners but held 10,000 Elmira forced them to eat only bread and water so the prisoners were forced to eat rats to survive

Prisoners of War At Andersonville, nearly 35,000 Union soldiers were placed in a fenced in open field meant to hold only 10,000 men Around 100 soldiers died each day from either starvation or exposure