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Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.19 Figure 2 Application of patient-derived xenograft models in urological cancer Figure 2 | Application of patient-derived xenograft models in urological cancer. Tissues can be extracted from surgical specimens, for example, during radical nephrectomy for kidney cancer. Some of the tissue can be subjected to genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and RNA profiling as for personalized analysis. Some of the tumour can be transplanted into immunocompromised mice and propagated, becoming avatar mouse models. Integrating the individual 'omics' data with drug database information can identify potential candidate drugs for treating the patient. The avatar model can be used to test the effectiveness of the identified drugs and rank these treatments in the order to be administered to the patients at the time of recurrence. The information from the avatar model can be integrated into a database for future use. Inoue, T. et al. (2017) Patient-derived xenografts as in vivo models for research in urological malignancies Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.19